Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.10.1483

The Effect of 4 Weeks of Treadmill Exercise and Protein Diet on Immunoglobulin and Antioxidant Enzyme in Rats  

Lee, Chan-Soo (Department of Physical Education, Busan National University)
Lee, Sang-Ho (Department of Physical Education, Busan National University)
Sung, Gi-Dong (Department of Physical Education, Busan National University)
Baek, Yeong-Ho (Department of Physical Education, Busan National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.20, no.10, 2010 , pp. 1483-1489 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and a protein diet on immunoglobulin and antioxidant enzymes in rats. Forty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 weeks old, were used. Experimental groups were divided into exercise with protein diet group (A, n=11), exercise group (B, n=11), protein diet group (C, n=11), and the control group (D, n=11). Exercise was administered through a treadmill running program (14~18 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade, 20 min/day, 5 day/wk) and these rats were given a 40% protein diet for 4 wk. The results of this study are as follows: the protein diet group showed a significant increase in IgG of immunoglobulin compared to the exercise group and control group; the exercise with protein diet group and protein diet group showed a significant increase in SOD activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; the exercise with protein diet group, exercise group and protein diet group showed a significant increase in GPx activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group; the exercise with protein diet group showed a significant increase in CAT activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the protein diet group and control group. In conclusion, treadmill exercise and a protein diet were found to help with immunoglobulin and antioxidant enzymes. Further research regarding the effects of exercise and protein diets is required.
Keywords
Protein diet; antioxidant enzyme; immunoglobulin;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Yoon, J. H., T. B. Seo, N. S. Jin, J. O. Kim, W. S. Ji, E. M. Lim, S. O. Choi, and H. H. Lee. 2008. A study of in vivo and in vitro on aerobic exercise on functional activation of schwann cells following sciatic nerve crush injury in rats. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 47, 451-461.
2 Paik, Y. H., Y. S. Kwak, J. K. Sung, J. H. Woo, J. H. Park, and S. H. Oh. 2001. The Effects of Prolonged exercise on Antioxidant Enzymes in genetically hypercholesterolemic strain of rats. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 40, 348-355.
3 Powers, S. K., J. Criswell, L. L. Ji, D. Martin, R. A. Herb, and G. Dudley. 1999. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on antioxidant enzyme activity in skeletal muscle differing in fiber type. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R375-R380.
4 Robson, P. J., A. K. Blannin, N. P. Walsh, L. M. Castell, and M. Gleeson. 1999. Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 20, 128-135.
5 Somani, S. M., R. Ravi, and L. P. Rybak. 1995. Effect of exercise training of antioxidant system in brain regions in rat. Phnam. Biochem. Behavi. 50,635-639.   DOI
6 Styne, D. M. 1999. Childhood obesity : Time for action, not complacency. Am Fam. Physician. 59, 758-762.
7 Takanami, Y., H. Iwane, Y. Kawai, and T. Shimomistu. 2000. Vitamin E supplementation and endurance exercise are there benefits. Sports Med. 29, 73-83.   DOI
8 Tharp, C. D. and M. W. Barnes. 1999. Reduction of salivary immunoglobulin levels by swimming. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 61-64.   DOI
9 Tiidus, P. M. and M. E. Houston. 1995. Vitamin E status and response to exercise training. Sport Med. 20, 12-23.   DOI
10 Verde, T. J., G. Scott, R. W. Thomas, P. S. Moore, and J. Roy. 1992. Immune responses and increased training of the elite athlete. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 1494-1499.
11 Vincent, H. K., S. K. Powers, D. J. Stewart, H. A. Demirel, R. A. Shanely, and H. Naito. 2000. Short-term exercise training improves diaphragm antioxidant capacity and endurance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 67-74.   DOI
12 Lin, J. Y., S. Lu, Y. L. Liou, and H. L. Liou. 2006. Increased IgA and IgG serum levels using a novel yam-boxthorn noode in a BALB/c Mouse model. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 170-178.   DOI
13 Mackinnon, L. T. and D. G. Jenkins. 1993. Decreased salivary immuno globulins after intens interval exercise before and after tranining. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 25, 141-149.
14 Marieb, E. N. 1998. Human anatomy and Physiology, Fourth edition, Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co. California. 612-617, 723-725.
15 Marzatico, F., O. Pansarasa, L. Bertorelli, L. Somenzini, and G. Della Valle. 1997. Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides following long-distance and lactacidemic performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint athletes. J. Sports Med. Physical Fitness 37, 235-239.
16 Ndon, J. A., A. C. Synder., C. Foster, and W. B. Wehreberg. 1992. Effects of chronic intense exercise on the leckocyte response to acute exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 29, 289-296.   DOI
17 Nieman, D. C. 2003. Current perspective on exercise immunology. Curr. Sports. Med. Rep. 2, 239-242.   DOI
18 Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L., D. C. Nieman, J. Jessen, L. Chang, G. Gusewitch, and G. Blix. 1991. The effects of acute moderate exercise on lymphhocyte function & serum immunoglobulin levels. Int. J. Sports Med. 12, 391-398.   DOI
19 Nieman, D. C. and S. L. Nehlsen-Cannarella. 1991. The effects of acute and chronic exercise of immunoglobulins. Sports Med. 11, 183-201.   DOI
20 Nieman, D. C., S. L. Nehlson-Cannarella, P. A. Markoff, A. J. Balk-Lamberton, H. Yang, D. B. Chritton. W., J. W. Lee, and K. Arabat-zis. 1990. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and actue upper respiratory tract infections. Int. J. Sports Med. 11, 467-473.   DOI
21 Oh, Y. S., K. S. Lee, H. S. Han, C. H. Yang, D. S. Yang, J. Y. Cho, and M. H. Kim. 1999. Effect of Aerobic Training on Blood Cells and Immune Function in Middle aged Women. Korean J. Sports Med. 17, 205-214.
22 Kim, S. H., C. H. Yu, M. H. Kang, S. H. Kim, G. J. Kim, J. M. Lee, and H. O. Lee. 2001. Science of Nutrition. Shin Kwang Publisher.
23 Kim, W. S. 2003. A role of during exercise physiological variation improve ergogenic aids. Korean Society of Food Science 53, 89-98.
24 Kohut, M. L., R. T. Jame, L. Wanglok, and E. C. Joan. 2004. Exercise training-induced adaptations of immune response are mediated by $\beta$ adrenergic receptors in aged but not young mice. J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 1312-1322   DOI
25 Kosta, J. D. and S. E. Berthouze. 2000. Physical activity, aerobic capacity and selected markers of oxidative stress and the anti-oxidant, defence system in healthy active elderly men. Clin. Physiol. Oxford 20, 185-190.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Laure Chevalier, M. S., C. Bos., C. Gryson, C. Luengo, S. Walrand, D. Tomé, Y. Boirie, and C. Gaudichon. 2009. High-protein diets differentially modulate protein content synthesis in visceral and peripheral tissues in rats. Nutrition 25, 932-939.   DOI
27 Kretzschmar, M. and D. Muller. 1993. Aging, traiming and exercise: a review of effects of plasma glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Sports Medicine 15, 196-209.   DOI
28 Kwak, Y. S., C. W. Kim, and Y. H. Paik. 2007. Immunological aspects of contemporary exercise. J. Life Sci. 17, 1166-1171.   DOI
29 Kwak, Y. S., I. Y. Paik., C. H. Kim, and J. H. Woo. 2002. The effect of swimming training on spleen index, total lymphocytes, and lymphocyte proliferation in BALB/c mice. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 41, 535-542.
30 Layman, D. K. 2002. Role of leucine in protein metabolism during exercise and recovery. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 592-608.
31 Leeuwenburgh, C., J. Hollander, S. Leichtweis, M. Griffiths, and L. L. Ji. 1997. Adaptation of glutathione antioxidant system to endurance training are tissue and muscle fiber-specific. Am. J. Physiol. 272, r363-r369.
32 Hubner-Wozniak, E., B. Panczenko-Kresowka, K. Lerczak, and J. Posnik. 1994. Effects of graded treadmill exercise on the activity of blood antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxides and nonenzymatic antioxidants in long-distance skiers. Biol. Sport 11, 217-226.
33 Hyun, S. J., S. T. Jung, and S. M. You. 2002. Effect of antioxidant supplementation during prolonged exercise on antioxidant enzyme activity of skeletal muscle and histomorphologicla change of cardiac or skeletal muscle damage in rat. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 41, 491-506.
34 Lim, W. G. and D. J. Jung. 1998. A during exercise oxygen radical and reactive oxygen. Korean J. Sports Res. 9, 271-280.
35 Ji, L. L. and E. W. Mitchell. 1994. Effect of adriamycin on heart mitochondrial function in rested and exercised rat. Biochemical Pharmacology 263, 137-149.
36 Jenkins, R. R., K. Krause, and L. S. Schofied. 1993. Influence of exercise in clearance of oxidant stress products and loosely bound iron. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 213-217.
37 Jeon, Y. J. and J. K. Lee. 2006. Effects of aerobic exercise on the improvement of immunity in middle-aged women. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 45, 463-471.
38 Ji, L. L. 1995. Exercise and oxidative stress: role of the cellular antioxidant systems. Exer. Sports Sci. Review 23, 135-166.
39 Ju, Y. S. 2005. Effects of resistance training on plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes concentration. Korean J. Exer. Nutr. 9, 57-64.
40 Kim, C. G. 2001. The change of oxidative damage's factors, antioxidant enzymes & related variables for the period of vitamin mixture supplement at specific exercise intensities. Ph. D. Dissertation. Dankook University.
41 Kim, H. S. 1997. Effect of acute exercise on nitric oxide generation from macrophages, and oxygen radical production and antioxidant enzyme activity in mouse tissues. Ph. D. Dissertation. Sookmyung. University.
42 Alessio, H. M. and A. H. Goldfarb. 1998. Lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes during exercise : adaptive response to training. J. Appl. Physiol. 64, 1333-1336.
43 Bae, C. W. 2001. The effect of long-term regular running aerobic exercise on the activation of antioxidation enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 40, 829-839.
44 Bank, W. and B. Chance. 1994. An oxidative defect in metabolic myopathies diagnosis by noninvasive tissue oximetry [see comments]. Ann. Neurol. 36, 830-837.   DOI
45 Evans, W. J. 2000. Vitamin E, Vitamin C and exercise. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Aug. 72, 647-652.
46 Bedford, T. G., C. M. Tipton, N. C. Wilson, R. A. Oppliger, and C. V. Gisolfi. 1979. Maximum oxygen consumption of rats and its changes with various experimental procedures. J. Appl. Physiol. 47, 1278-1283.
47 Boyum, A., P. E. Wiik, O. Gustavsson, P. Veiby, J. Reseland, A. H. Haugen, and P. K. Opstad. 1996. The effect of strenuous exercise, calorie deficiency and sleep deprevation white blood cells, plasma immunoglobalins and cytokines. Scand. J. Immunol. 43, 228-235.   DOI
48 Dekkers, J. C., L. J. van Doornen, and H. C. Kemper. 1996. The role of antioxidant vitamins and enzymes in the prevention of exercise induced muscle damage. J. Sports Med. 21, 213-238.   DOI
49 Gleeson, M. and N. C. Bishop. 2000. Elite athlete immunology: importance of nutrition. Int. J. Sports Med. 21, 44-50.   DOI
50 Gleeson, M., D. B. Pyne, J. P. Austin, J. L. Francis, W. A. McDonald, and P. A. Fricker. 2002. Epstein-Barr virus reaction and upper respiratory illness in elite swimmers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 411-417.   DOI
51 Halliwell, B. 1991. Reactive oxygen species in living system. Sourcs, biochemistry and role in human disease. Am. J. Med. 91, 14-22.
52 Hartmann, A. and A. M. Niess. 1998. Oxidative DNA damage in exercise. Pathophysiology 5, 112.