• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-63
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• 2019

In this paper, we study the effect of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody immune responses on the virus dynamics with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions. The infection rate is given by Holling type-II. We first show that the model is biologically acceptable by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We find the equilibria of the model and investigate their global stability analysis. We derive five threshold parameters which fully determine the existence and stability of the five equilibria of the model. The global stability of all equilibria of the model is proven using Lyapunov method and applying LaSalle's invariance principle. To support our theoretical results we have performed some numerical simulations for the model. The results show the CTL and antibody immune response can control the disease progression.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.389-398
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• 1999

In the biological immunity, the immune system of organisms regulates the antibody and T-cells to protect the attack from the foreign materials which are virus, germ cell, and other antigens, and supports their stable state. It has similar characteristics that has the adaptation and robustness to overcome disturbances and to control the plant of engineering application. In this paper, we build a model of the T-cell regulated immune response mechanism. We have also designed an immune response controller(IRC) focusing on the T-cell regulated immune response of the biological immune system that include both a help part to control the response and a suppress part to adjust system stabilization effect. We show some computer simulation to control the vibration of building structure system with strong wind forces excitation also demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed controller for applying a practical system even with existing nonlinear terms.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 1988

Captafol (1H-Isoindole-1.3(2H)-dione, 3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetrahydro-2-[1, 1, 2, 2-tetrahydroethyltkio]) is widely used as fungicide in agriculture. Immune modulatory effects of captafol and ethanol were studied in mice. Mice administered captafol intra peritoneally every other day for 5 times, and ethanol per os as captafol. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells, serum antibody titer, foot pad swelling, and rosette forming cell number were mediated immune response. 1. The result show that humoral immune response and cell mediatea response were suppressed by captafol. 2. Especially effect of ethanol on the captafol immune response were significantly suppressed the humoral immune response and cell mediated immune response.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the antibody production to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) and proliferation of mitogen-stimulated spleen cells in Balb/c mice which received cadmium chloride. The mice were divided into three independent groups which were one control and two experimental groups by the cadmium treatment or not. No specific treatment was done for the control group. One of two experimental groups, which is called 'pre-treatment group' in this paper, was subcutaneously injected with low dose of cadmium chloride(0.5 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days before the primary SRBC immunization. The other called 'non-pretreatment group' was only pretreated with normal saline. Both experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected with high dose of cadmium chloride(5 mg/kg) 8 hours before the primary immunization. Mice were intraperitoneally immunized twice with 2% SRBC suspension containing $10^8$ cells. The results obtained were as follows, 1. The PFG responses to SRBC were significantly increased in two experimental groups, cadmium pretreatment and non-pretreatment compared with that of control group(p<0.05). 2. The total antibody titers to SRBC in cadmium treated groups were similar to that of control group, but titers of IgG antibody were significantly elevated(p<0.01). 3. The proliferation response of spleen lymphocytes to various mitogens was suppressed in proportion to the concentration of cadmium and the degree of cadmium accumulation in liver was increased in the cadmium treated groups. These results suggest that cadmium chloride could affect on mouse immune response, especially its cell mediated immune response could be decreased while its humoral immune response could be increased, which may not be influenced by the administration methods or pretreatment of cadmium to mouse.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.30.1-30.15
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• 2021

Background: New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. Objectives: In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. Methods: The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. Results: AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4⁺ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. Conclusions: These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2010

An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-$\gamma$ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.5 no.3_4
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• pp.37-45
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• 1990

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the influences of cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine on the immune response. Immune response were evaluated by antibody, Arthus reaction (Arthus), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), rosette forming cell (RFC), phagocyte activity and whit( blood cell (WBC) in mice, sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The weight of liver, spleen and thymus were measured. Following results obtained in this experiment. 1) The administration of cimetidine as compared to normal group significantly decreased Arthus, Hemagglutinin titer (HA), RFC, DTH, WBC and phagocyte activity, but increased the activity of serum albumin. 2) The administration of ranitidine as compared to normal group decreased RFC and HA. 3) The administration of Famotidine as compared to normal group decreased DTH and RFC, and significantly decreased HA, Arthus and serum protein. 4) The administration of ranitidine and famotidine decreased more humoral immune response than cellular immune response, but the administration of cimetidine significantly decreased humoral and cellular immune response, WBC and phagocyte activity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.392-400
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• 2021

It has been more than a year since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged. Many studies have provided insights into the various aspects of the immune response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Especially for antibody treatment and vaccine development, humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has been studied extensively, though there is still much that is unknown and controversial. Here, we introduce key discoveries on the humoral immune responses in COVID-19, including the immune dynamics of antibody responses and correlations with disease severity, neutralizing antibodies and their cross-reactivity, how long the antibody and memory B-cell responses last, aberrant autoreactive antibodies generated in COVID-19 patients, and the efficacy of currently available therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, and highlight gaps in the current knowledge.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1994

To investigate effects of water temperature on immune response of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, against Edwardsiella tarda, fish were immunized with formalin killed E. tarda antigen, and humoral immune response of these fish were observed. At lower water temperature (12 and $15^{\circ}C$), the antibody appeared 2 to 3 weeks after injection of formalin killed E. tarda antigen and the maximum agglutination titer was 16 and 32, respectively. However at higher water temperature (20 and $23^{\circ}C$), the antibody appeared one week after injection and the maximum agglutination titer was about 2,048. Once produced agglutination titer was sensitively responsed to variation of water temperature and showed that this phenomenon had also a similar tendency under natural condition. And it showed that agglatination titer of flounder immunized with formalin killed E. tarda maintained above 19 months.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the laying hens on the immune response against bovine serum albumin(BSA) in egg yolk. Total 45 laying hens were divided into three groups according to breeds (White Leghorn, ISA Brown, Native hen). They were fed the experimental diet for 12 weeks. Immune response were examind in egg yolk from three groups of hens injected with BSA. The results obtained from this work were summaried as follows : 1. The weight of egg yolk and the percentage of hen-day production in the ISA Brown hens are greater than those in the Native hens and the White Leghons. 2. IgY concentrations in eggs from hens immunized with BSA were not different among the breeds laying hens. 3. The anti-BSA antibody activities determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the egg yolk were similar between the White-Leghorn and ISA Brown hens, but Native hens tended to decrease in 20∼50 days respectively. Therefore, the weight of egg yolk and the percentage of hen-day production in the ISA Brown hens are greater than those in the Native hens and the White Leghons will be as important factors for an efficient production of IgY.