• Advances in environmental research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2014

Pharmaceutical wastewater effluents are well known for their difficult elimination by traditional biotreatment methods and their important contribution to environmental pollution due to its fluctuating and recalcitrant nature. OTC is one of the nonbiodegradable antibiotics that makes antibiotic-resistant, so it can make be high risk for environment. NZVI can be a good choice for removal of OTC in aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the amounts of NZVI and OTC to be used at pH 3 and under 200 W, UV-A irradiation. The responses were removal percent of absorption at 290 and 348 nm, TOC and COD of OTC. In the optimum condition, Linear model was performed 155 ppm of OTC were removed by 1000 ppm NZVI after 6.5 hours and the removal efficiency of absorption at 290 and 348 nm, TOC and COD were 87, 95, 85 and 89 percent, respectively. In the similar process, there is no organic compound after 14 hours. The parameters ORP, DO and pH were investigated for 6:30 hours to study the type of NZVI reaction in process. In the beginning of reaction, oxidation was the dominant reaction after 3 hours, photocatalytic reaction was remarkable. The mechanism of OTC degradation is proposed by HPLC/ESI-MS and four by products were found. Also the rate constants (first order kinetic chain reaction model) were 0.0099, 0.0021, 0.0010, 0.0049 and $0.0074min^{-1}$, respectively.

• 멤브레인
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2024

항생제는 과도한 사용으로 인해 폐수뿐만 아니라 다양한 수원에서 발견되는 새로운 오염 물질 중 하나입니다. 수중 항생제 오염 물질을 처리하기 위한 고도 산화 공정, 생물학적 처리 등 다양한 기술이 있습니다. 이 두 가지 공정은 비효율적이며, 부산물의 생성은 이 공정을 더욱 복잡하게 만듭니다. 오염 물질을 제거하기 위한 또 다른 대안으로 막 기술이 있습니다. 항생제와 내성 유전자의 제거를 개선하기 위해 막 생물 반응기는 NaClO와 탄소 물질로 변형됩니다. 풍부한 반응성 종의 생성은 항생제의 내성 유전자에 대해 활성입니다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2013

A 60-year-old male complained of headache, nasal discharge, and diplopia for over one month with a history of left upper molar extraction, and he had recently experienced severe discharge of purulent exudate from his left antrum. Under the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis, the Caldwell-Luc operation was performed, and several fragments of amorphous white mucoroid materials were removed. In the histological observation, sinus mucosa was relatively well preserved, but showed diffuse infiltration with eosinophilic polymorphonuclears. Huge molds of mucormycosis were associated with the surface of mucosa. He was treated with amphotericin-B deoxycholate, resulting in the uneventful healing of the antral lesion. The current case of antral mucormycosis was very rare but effectively treated by surgical removal of antral mucosa and the following antibiotic therapy for the strong inhabitants of fungal molds. We also presumed that the patient was superinfected with commensal fungus of mucormycosis during broad spectrum antibiotic therapy for the previous dental infection.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have become an environmental havoc in last few decades with reported cases of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), lethal effects over aquatic organisms, interference in natural decomposition of organic matter, reduced diversity of microbial communities in different environmental compartments, inhibition of growth of microbes resulting in reduced rate of nutrient cycling, hormonal imbalance in exposed organisms etc. Owing to their potential towards bioaccumulation and persistent nature, these compounds have longer residence time and activity in environment. The conventional technologies of wastewater treatment have got poor efficiency towards removal/degradation of PhACs and therefore, modern techniques with efficient, cost-effective and environment-friendly operation need to be explored. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like Photocatalysis, Fenton oxidation, Ozonation etc. are some of the promising, viable and sustainable options for degradation of PhACs. Although energy/chemical or both are essentially required for AOPs, these methods target complete degradation/mineralization of persistent pollutants resulting in no residual toxicity. Considering the high efficiency towards degradation, non-toxic nature, universal viability and acceptability, AOPs have become a promising option for effective treatment of chemicals with persistent nature.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 1995

Postoperative infection following orthognatic surgery is rare. When postoperative infections occur, the initial treatment consists of incision and drainage of the affected area, culturing to identify bacterial stains and verify antibiotic sensitivity, and the institution of the appropriate antibiotic regimen. Some plates and screws may eventually require removal, the initial therapy should be attempted to retain the plates and screws until adequete healing has taken place. In orthoganthic surgery, intra-operative complications as a lesion of inferior alveolar nerve, fracture of osteomised segments, incomplete sectioning, malposition of segments, haemorrhage may occur. The surgeon should be familiar with possible complications to be caused and how to manage them. Prevention of postoperative infection following the orthognathic surgery consists of minimal periosteal reflection, aseptic management of operation field, proper surgical technique, rigid fixation, prophylactic antibiotics.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2019

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of the bone caused by pathogenic bacteria. The causative pathogen is usually oral residing bacteria, but this is a report of patients with osteomyelitis infected with Enterobacteriaceae, which is not common. Enterobacteriaceae has been known to cause in-hospital infections for over last 30 years and is known to have multiple antibiotic resistances. Both cases in this study developed osteomyelitis after removal of the dentigerous cyst. Enterobacter aerogenes was cultured in one patient and Serratia marcescens in the other. After changing antibiotics through antibiotic susceptibility testing, clinical symptoms subsided and radiographic images confirmed that the callus formed and recovered at the same time.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2000

Mycopasma contamination of tissue culture cells easily evades detection and, thus, represents a continous therat to cell biologists. In case where infected cell can not simply be replaced, attempts have to be made to eradicate mycoplacma from the tissue culture cells. A variety of anti-microbial agents have been shown to be toxic to mycoplasma strains ; however, cell associated mycoplasma are often protected from antibiotics at concentrations shown to be effective in vitro. Antibiotic concentrations high enough to be lethal to cell as sociated mycoplasmas frequently are also detrimentrations to the host cells, while moderately increased antibiotic levels tolerated by the host cells often lead to only temporary growth suppression and/or to the emergence of mycoplasma strains resistanct even to high concentrations of the antibiotis applied. Hare, a genetic approach for the elimination of mycoplasma from tissue culture cells that overcomes thens limitations is described. By expression of a selection marker conferring resistance to an otherwise toxic agent, Acholeplasma laidlawii infected BHK-21 cells used as the model system were enabled to temporarily tolerate antibiotic concentrations high enough to be lethal to cell associated mycopalsma while leaving the host cells unharmed. Upon successful mycoplasma eradicated, cultvation of the cured host cells in the absence of the selective agent yielded revertant cell clones that had regained susceptibillity to the toxic agent. Cressation of the selection marker expression was shown to result from the loss of the selection marker DNA, which is a consequence of the fact that the stable and permanent integration of foreign DNA in eucaryotic cell chrosomes is highly inefficient. Thus, the cells were cured from mycoplasma yet remained biochemically unaltered.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2015

Objectives: The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. Most patients presenting with odontogenic space infections also have associated systemic co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus resulting in impaired host defense. The present study aims to compare the odontogenic spaces involved, antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms, length of hospital stay, and the influence of systemic comorbidities on treatment outcome in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A 2-year prospective study from January 2012 to January 2014 was conducted on patients with odontogenic maxillofacial space infections. The patients were divided into two groups based on their glycemic levels. The data were compiled and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 188 patients were included in the study that underwent surgical incision and drainage, removal of infection source, specimen collection for culture-sensitivity, and evaluation of diabetic status. Sixty-one out of 188 patients were found to be diabetic. The submandibular space was the most commonly involved space, and the most prevalent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae in diabetics and group D Streptococcus in the nondiabetic group. Conclusion: The submandibular space was found to be the most commonly involved space, irrespective of glycemic control. Empiric antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid combined with metronidazole with optimal glycemic control and surgical drainage of infection led to resolution of infection in diabetic as well as nondiabetic patients. The average length of hospital stay was found to be relatively longer in diabetic individuals.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2021

Background In recent years, implant-based breast reconstruction has been performed because of its simplicity, short operation time, and rapid recovery of patients. Several studies have reported treatment methods for implant surgery-related infection, which is a serious complication. The aim of this study was to introduce our strategy for salvaging infected implants and to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods The authors performed a retrospective study of 145 cases from 132 patients who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction from January 2012 to December 2018. Empirical antibiotics were immediately administered to patients with suspected infections. The patients then underwent salvage treatment including appropriate antibiotics, ultrasonography-guided aspiration, debridement, antibiotic lavage, and implant exchange through a multidisciplinary approach. Patient demographics, operative data, duration until drain removal, adjuvant treatment, and complications were analyzed. Results The total infection rate was 5.5% (8/145). A longer indwelling catheter period and adjuvant treatment were significantly associated with infection. The salvage treatment showed a success rate of 87.5% (7/8). Seven patients who received early aggressive salvage treatment recovered from infection. One patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, who received salvage treatment 11 days after symptom onset, did not respond to drainage and antibiotic treatment. That patient subsequently underwent explantation. Conclusions In implant-based breast reconstruction, prevention of infection is of the utmost importance. However, if an infection is suspected, proactive empirical antibiotic therapy and collaboration with the necessary departments are required. Through a multidisciplinary approach and proactive early management, swift and appropriate salvage should be performed.

• Hip & pelvis
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2023

Purpose: A staged revision with placement of a temporary antibiotic-loaded cement spacer after removal of the implant is the "gold standard" for treatment of chronic prosthetic joint infection (PJI). It enables local delivery of antibiotics, maintenance of limb-length and mobility, easier reimplantation. However, bacterial colonization of spacers and mechanical complications can also occur. The aim of this study is to evaluate functional results and infection control in two-stage treatment of total hip arthroplasty (THA) PJI with and without a spacer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 64 consecutive patients was conducted: 34 underwent two-stage revision using a cement spacer (group A), 30 underwent two-stage revision without a spacer (group B). At the final follow-up, functional evaluation of patients with a THA in site, without PJI recurrence, was performed using the Harris hip score (HHS). Measurement of limb-length and off-set discrepancies was performed using anteroposterior pelvic X-rays. Results: Most patients in group B were older with more comorbidities preoperatively. Thirty-three patients (97.1%) in group A underwent THA reimplantation versus 22 patients (73.3%) in group B (P<0.001). No significant differences in limb-length and off-set were observed. The results of functional evaluation performed during the final follow-up (mean, 41 months) showed better function in patients in group A (mean HHS, 76.3 vs. 55.9; P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of antibiotic-loaded cement spacer seems superior in terms of functional outcomes and reimplantation rate. Resection arthroplasty might be reserved as a first-stage procedure in patients who are unfit, who might benefit from a definitive procedure.