• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.389-403
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• 1997

Survey on MIC of antimicrobial drugs and its treatment efficacy in mice were conducted for the strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp isolated from feces of young domestic animals with diarrhea in 1996. A total of 338 strains of E coli and 61 strains of Salmonella spp were examined for the susceptibility to 20 antibiotics and 7 synthetic antimicrobial drugs. The results indicated that the majority of strains were susceptible to amikacin(93.5%), cefoperazone/sulbactam(93.5%), cefotaxim(93.3%), cefomandole(92.8%), cefoperazone(91.6%) and ciprofloxacin(85.1%), in order. Although gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin showed the relatively low MIC distributions, erythromycin, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline revealed the high MIC distributions to most of isolates. The $MIC_{90}$ of antimicrobials for E coli were > $62.5{\mu}g/ml$ in gentamicin, $2.0{\mu}g/ml$ in ciprofloxacin, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$ in norfloxacin, > $500{\mu}g/ml$ in erythromycin, $125{\mu}g/ml$ in doxycycline, > $1000{\mu}g/ml$ in sulfamethoxazole and > $250{\mu}/ml$ in oxytetracycline. In general, the MIC of E coli isolates was higher than that of Salmonella spp isolates. Although variation in synergism or additivity of antibiotic combinations were demonstrated, ampicillin-gentamicin was the most efficacious combination both against E coli and Salmonella spp with the fluctuation of 7.7-77.5%. In the experiment of treatment efficacy in mice, the highest survival ratio(83.3%) after challenge with pathogenic E coli and Salmonella typhimurium was detected in the group treated with gentamicin.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.305-312
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• 1998

서울시내 약수에서 Pseudomonas속균의 균종분포, 생화학적 특성, 혈청학적 특성 및 항생제 감수성을 조사하기 위하여 약수 57개소에 대하여 봄, 여름, 가을에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 총 57개 약수를 조사한 결과, 33개 (57.9%)의 약수에서 Pseudomonas속균이 검출되었다. 봄, 여름, 가을에 모두 검출된 곳은 1곳(1.8%) 이었으며, 2회에 걸쳐 검출된 곳은 9곳 (15.8%)이었으며, 1회만 검출된 곳은 13곳 (22.8%)이었다. 지역별로는 청계산이 50%의 검출율을 나타내었으며, 북한산, 35.7&, 대모산 33.3%, 도봉산 29.6%, 수락산 25.9%, 우면산 22.2%, 불암산 7.4% 순이었다. 분리된 균종은 Ps. putidark 22주(50%)로 가장 많았으며, Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens 및 Ps. mendocins 각 6주(13.6%), Ps.aureofaciens 4주(9.1%)이었다. 분리된 Ps. aeruginosa6주의 혈청형은 모두 5종으로 A형 2주 , B, C,E 및 G형 각 2주씩이었다. 분리된 Ps. aeruginosa의 항생제에 대한 내성은 Amoxicillin 90.9%, Chloramphenicol 84.1%, Carbenicillin 81.8%, Nalidixic acid 68.2%, Neomycin 38.6%, Streptomycin 31.8%, Gentamicin 4.6%, Kanamycin 4.6% 그리고 Colistin 2.3%이었다. Ps.aeruginosa는 다른 슈도모나스균에 비해 carbenicillin에 대한 감수성이 있으나 kanamycin에 대한 내성이 높았다. Ps. aureofaciens는 다른 슈도모나스균에 비해 streptomycin에 대하여 내성이 없었다. 분리된 Ps.aeruginosa의 항생제에 대한 다제내성양상은 5제내성이 31.8%로 가장 높았으며, 내성양상에서는 NA-CB-CTE-AMC가 18.2%로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2003

인의학에서 메티실린 내성 포도상균주는 병원감염의 주요 원인균으로 보고되고 있지만 소동물에서 이에 대한 연구는 거의 없다. 본 연구에서는 2002년 8월부터 2003년 7월까지 개와 고양이에서 분리된 136개의 포도상구균 분리주 (coagulase 양성 87주, coagulase 음성 49주)에 대하여 항생제 감수성 검사와 이들 분리주에서 메티실린 내성 유전자인 mecA 분포상황을 조사하였다. 136개 분리주중 43주 (31.6％)가 mecA 유전자를 가지고 있었고, 유전자의 분포율은 균주에 따라 상당한 차이를 보였다. 43주의 mecA 양성균주 중 31주 (72.1％)가 oxacillin 내성을 보여 mecA 양성균주가 반드시 oxacillin 내성과 일치하는 것은 아님을 시사하였다. 그러나 mecA 양성균주일수록 oxacillin 내성율이 높았는데 S. intermedius의 71.4％ (p<0.001), coagulase 음성균주의 경우 72.4％가 내성을 보였다 (p<0.001). 분리주의 94주(69％) 적어도 하나 이상의 항생제에 내성을 보였고 특히 31주(22.8％)는 4가지 이상의 항생제에 동시에 내성을 보였다. Penicillin 항생제에 내성율이 71.7％로 가장 높았다. 본 연구는 국내 소동물에서 mcA 양성균주가 존재하며, 이러한 균에 의해 유도된 감염증을 치료할 때 다제내성의 특성 때문에 항생제 선택의 폭이 매우 제한될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2017

Purpose: Macrolide resistance rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae has rapidly increased in children. Studies on the clinical features between macrolide susceptible-M. pneumoniae (MSMP) and macrolide resistant-M. pneumoniae (MRMP) are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify the macrolide resistance rate of M. pneumoniae in Korean children with M. pneumoniae penupmonia in 2015 and compare manifestations between MSMP and MRMP. Methods: Among 122 children (0-18 years old) diagnosed with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, 95 children with the results of macrolide sensitivity test were included in this study. Clinical manifestations were acquired using retrospective medical records. Results: The macrolide resistant rate of M. pneumoniae was 87.2% (82 of 94 patients) in children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia. One patient showed a mixed type of wild type and A2063G mutation in 23S rRNA of M. pneumoniae. There were no significant differences in clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings between the MSMP and MRMP groups at the first visit to our hospital. The time interval between initiation of macrolide and defervescence was significantly longer in the MRMP group ($4.9{\pm}3.3$ vs. $2.8{\pm}3.1days$, P=0.039). Conclusion: The macrolide resistant rate of M. pneumoniae is very high in children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia in Korea. The clinical manifestations of MRMP are similar to MSMP except for the defervescence period after administration of macrolide. Continuous monitoring of the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of MRMP is required to control its spread and establish strategies for treating second-line antibiotic resistant M. pneumoniae infection.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

The antibacterial activity of Korean honey bee venom (KBV) was examined against seven major bacterial mastitis pathogens, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus uberis isolated from infected mammary quarters of cows. Seven bacterial mastitis pathogens were studied for antibacterial activity of the KBV by disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial count in milk samples. The KBV showed activity against Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. The order of susceptibility of the bacteria against the KBV was Staph. aureus>MRSA>E. coli>Strep. intermedius>Ent. faecium>Strep. oralis>Strep. uberis. The MIC against Staph. aureus, MRSA and E. coli were stronger effect as compared with standard drug. The effect of the KBV ($100{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) on the viability of Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius, Strep. oralis and Strep. uberis in milk differed significantly with each other within 12 h incubation period. The results indicate that KBV has significant antibacterial effects against major bacterial mastitis bacteria, Ent. faecium, E.coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. Results of the study indicate the potential use of KBV as alternative to antibiotic therapy. Further investigations are needed though to confirm its efficacy and its effects on the animals.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.537-542
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• 1995

In this study, we aim to find the presence of virulence-related plasmid in Salmonella isolates from poultry, and the difference between S pullorum and S gallinarum on the plasmid profile and antibiotics resistance. We used seventeen isolates of Salmonella spp that were isolated from poultry. Thirteen isolates, S typhimurium(ST), S pullorum(SP) and S gallinarum(SG), contained virulence-related plasmids. These are 95Kd plasmid in ST and 85Kd plasmid in SP and SG. Three(1/4 of ST, 1/1 of SE, and 1/9 of SP) isolates have no detectable plasmids. The isolates of ST have relatively variable plasmid profile but the isolates of S pullorum except No 12(additional 3.0Kb plasmid) have common 85K6, 8.1Kb, 4.0Kb and 2.3Kb plasmid and two of three isolates of S gallinarum have common 85Kb, 4.0Kb and 2.3Kb plasmid but the rest has only 85Kb plasmid. Interestingly, all of the isolates of SP have 8.1Kb plasmid, and same size of plasmid is also found in one of ST isolates. All of the isolates have the resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulfamethazine and some isolates show the resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. There is no relatedness between plasmid profile and antibiotics resistance and no differences between SP and SG in antibiotics resistance. Therefore further differentiation of each isolates by restriction enzyme assay and, if possible, charaterization of each plasmid, especially, 8.1Kb plasmid in SP and ST, may be necessary.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.17.1-17.12
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• 2023

Antimicrobial (AM) resistance is a growing threat in human and veterinary medicine, spreading across species and perceived as One-Health issue. Prudent use of AM products is essential in mitigating this risk in both human and veterinary medicine. Farm veterinarians, responsible for prescribing appropriate AM and offering advice to farmers on their proper usage, are regarded as key players in the livestock industry. An online survey of farm veterinarians (n = 1,531) was conducted to assess their educational experience, beliefs, current status of prescription, practical behavior, and self-efficacy regarding the prudent use of antimicrobials (PUA). The data from 170 respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression and mediation analysis. Participants chose AM based on their experiences, academic resources, and peer veterinarians. Approximately 77% did not routinely conduct antibiotic-susceptibility-test. Most participants believed in the importance of PUA and the role of veterinarians to reduce AM resistance, but they reported a lack of awareness among farmers and insufficient national support interfere with their practical behavior with regard to PUA. Half of the participants had PUA-education, and 78.6% reported that education had a positive impact on their behavior with PUA. Self-efficacy partly mediates the relationship between belief and behavior for PUA, which accounted for 23.77% of the total effect that beliefs have on behavior for PUA. The findings of the study show that enhancing veterinarians' abilities to practice and their self-efficacy through education tailored to the current status of farms can contribute to the reduction of AMs in the livestock sector.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.927-932
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• 1994

병원을 찾은 설사환자의 분변으로 부터 Salmonella sp.와 Shigella sp.을 분리하고 혈청형, 월별, 연령별분포 및 약제내성 양상을 조사하였다. 311명의 설사환자로 부터 34주(10.9%)의 Salmonella sp.와 25주(8%)의 Shigella sp.을 분리하였다. 분리된 Salmonella sp.의 혈청형은 group D(50%)가 가장 많았고, Shigella sp.은 대부분(96%)이 group D에 속하였다. 분리된 Salmonella sp.의 월별 및 연령별 분포는 계절과 연령에 크게 관계없이 분리되는 경향을 보였고, 이와는 달리 Shigella sp.은 7월(64%)과 10대(76%)에서 높은 분리율을 나타내었다. 분리균주에 대하여 약제내성을 조사한 결과 Shlmonella sp.는 streptomycin에 공시한 전 분리균이 내성을 나타내었고, erythromycin과 novobiocin(90.6%), penicillin G(65.6%) 및 cephalexin(46.9%)에, Shigella sp.는 erythromycin(95.8%), novobiocin(91.7%) 및 streptomycin(87.5%)에 각각 높은 내성을 나타내었다. 또한 Salmonella sp.와 Shigella sp.의 내성양상은 각각 18종류 및 4종류의 내성형으로 분포하고 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

This study was carried out to identify causative agents from california mastitis test(CMT) positive mastitic milk, and to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 heads in Seongju and Chilgok area of Gyeongbuk province. Sulfadimethoxine sodium(SMS) was intramuscularly administered once to four mastitis Infected dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg body weight. After injection of SMS, the depletion rate of serum and milk from the cattle were periodically measured for five days. The CMT positive number from 50 heads showed 46% and that of 200 quarters was 47(23.5%). From 39 quarters of 47 heads 39 different microorganisms were identified. These organisms were classified into 12 species : Staphylococcus aureus 8(20.5%), Sta hemolyticus 6(15.4%), Streptococcus bovis 4(10.3%), Sta hyicus 3(7.7%), Sta epidemidis. Sta xylosus, Sta sciuri 2(5.1%), Str agalactiae 2(5.1%), Escherichia coli(10.3%), three Enterobacter cloacae(7.7%), two Ent aerogenes(5.1%) and one Salmonella spp(2.6%). As the results of antibiotic susceptibility test, gentamicin(Gm, 11 species 27 strains, 69.5%), cephalotin(Cf, 9 species 24 strains, 61.5%), sulfamethoxazole(Stx, 8 species 14 strains, 43.6%), tetracycline(Tc, 8 species 14 strains, 35.9%), and streptomycin(Sm), lincomycin(Lm), cefoperazon(Cp) and penicillin(Pc) have a highly resistance(7.7% ～5.1%). However, carbenicillin (Cb), amikacin(Ah) have no susceptible for all drugs. The mean residual concentration of SMS in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after intramuscularly injection(AII). It was significantly(p<.05) decreased to 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 and 0.005 $\pm$ 0.004ppm at the 1st, 3rd and 5th day AII. The mean concentration of SMS in milk was significantly(p<.05) decreased from 0.920 $\pm$ 0.42ppm to 0.084 $\pm$ 0.016ppm between 8 hours and 1 day AII. As the results of this experiments, sulfadimethoxine was residued at the level of no less than 0.01ppm in milk on the 2nd day AII. Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides residue in milk after treatment of dairy mastitis.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.172-181
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• 2009

목 적 : 신생아 사망 및 이환의주요 원인인 패혈증의 치료에 있어서 적절한 항생제의 선택은 항생제 내성을 줄이고 다약제 내성 균주의 출현을 방지할 수 있다. 이제 저자들은 단일 신생아중환자실에서 경험한 신생아 패혈증 빈도와 원인균 및 항생제 감수성 변화를 지난 10년간에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 본원 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 환아 중 혈액 배양 검사상 균이 동정되었던 환아들을 대상으로 의무기록을 통해 1998년부터 2002년까지를 전반기, 2003년부터 2007년까지를 후반기로 구분하여 각 발생 시기에 따른 패혈증의 원인균과 항생제 감수성을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 315명의 환아가 총 350례의 패혈증을 경험하였으며, 조기 패혈증의 원인균으로는 전반기는 S. epidermidis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, 후반기에는 S. epidermidis, E. cloacae가 흔하게 검출되었다. 후기 패혈증의 경우는 전반기에는 coagulase negative S. epidermidis, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae가 전반기와 후반기 모두에서 가장 흔하게 배양되었다. 다약제 내성균에 의한 패혈증은 엄격한 감염관리를 시행한 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그람 양성균의 경우 penicillin, ampicillin, 그리고 cefotaxime에 대해 전후반기 모두에서 0-20%의 낮은 감수성을 보였다. 그람 음성균의 경우는 Enterobacter spp의 amikacin에 대한 감수성이 전반기(15.8%)에 비해 후반기(37.5%)에 증가하는 양상이었다. P. aeruginosa는 amikacin에 대해 전반기 33.3%에서 후반기 20%로 감수성이 감소하였다. P. aeruginosa를 제외한 그람 음성균은 cefotaxime에 대해 50-60% 정도의 항생제 감수성을 보였다. P. aeruginosa를 제외한 그람 음성균의 경우 imipenem과 ciprofloxacin에 대해 80% 이상의 감수성을 보였다. 결 론 : 지난 10년간의 신생아 패혈증의 원인균과 항생제 감수성의 변화양상을 확인하였으며, 이는 경험적 항생제 사용을 선택하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 전반기에 비해 후반기에는 엄격한 감염관리를 통해 다약제 내성균에 의한 패혈증 및 전체 신생아 패혈증의 발생이 현저히 감소하였다. 따라서 신생아 패혈증의 발생과 감염에 의한 사망을 줄이기 위해서는 적절한 항생제 선택과 더불어 지속적인 감염관리가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.