• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.153-163
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• 1994

A study on quinolone antibacterial (pefloxacin methanesulfonate) was performed to use for the drug of fisheries. Petloxacin was proved excellent in antibacterial activity and resistance against fish pathogens when compared with the existing antibacterials. And any side effect was not observed during the period of indicated use. An outline of MIC(Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) was $1.6{\sim}6.4{\mu}g/ml$, $TLm_{48h}$ value were 380~420 ppm in Israeli carp(Cyprinus caprio) and 2100~2300 ppm in flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus). The residual time of fish body was less than 15 days. So we can treat some bacterial disease of fish by the dosage of 100 g/day/ton of fish body weight for 3 days and pefloxacin is thought to be used effectively and widely against most bacterial fish pathogens.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

In order to activate the characteristics of charcoals in fiber systems, this study was carried out to experiment with the particle size from two micrometers to ten micrometers of charcoal powders on silk fabrics. The results obtained were as follows; The silk fabrics were dyed with gray color by charcoals effectively. The K/S value, that is indicative of the dye affinity, became higher as the increase of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dyeing concentration. Te dyeing effects were the highest with 50%(o.w.f.) of charcoals at $100^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes in this experiments, It was observed the surfaces of silk fibers were mainly adcorbed with charcoal powders of the particle size from two micrometers to four micrometers by scanning electron microscope. Dyed silk fabrics showed comparatively low fastness to the fade of launding, the stain of the treatment of perspirations, and the strain of water fastness test, but good fastness to the stran of laundering, te drycleaning, the fade of treatment of perspirations, and the fade of water fastness test. In connection with the functional properties of dyed fabrics, the deodorizations were drastically improved, and the far-infrared emissions improved highly, and also the antibacterials were comparatively good.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2021

Objectives: Cefotaxime is an antibiotic used to treat several bacterial infections. Specifically, it is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. It is given by injection into either a vein or muscle. Antibacterial polymers prepared by chemical bonding and simple blending of antibacterials into polymers has attracted much interest because of their long-lasting antibacterial activity. This study attempted to review the possibility of hydrogel films as functional antibacterial materials by antimicrobial activity. Methods: In this study, CTX-PAA was synthesized by the chemical reaction of polyacrylic acid with cefotaxime by N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) method. Synthetic antibacterial hydrogel films were then prepared with PVA and CTX-PAA for functional application. Results: The increase in the cefotaxime content of the hydrogel films showed a similar decrease in tensile strength and elongation. The values of films impregnated with chemically bonded cefotaxime showed no significant difference. Antibacterial susceptibility was determined against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli using a standardized disc test. Conclusion: The synthetic antibacterial hydrogel films exhibited broad susceptibility against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Notably, the antibacterial effect of antibacterial hydrogel films against Grampositive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) was superior to that against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2021

Periplanetasin-2 from cockroach exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The underlying antibacterial mechanisms rely on the stimulation of reactive oxygen species overproduction to induce apoptotic cell death. A promising strategy to increase the bioavailability of periplanetasin-2 involves reducing the dose through combination therapy with other antibacterials that show synergistic effects. Thus, the synergistic antibacterial activity of periplanetasin-2 with conventional antibacterial agents and its mechanisms was examined against Escherichia coli in this study. Among the agents tested, the combinations of periplanetasin-2 with vancomycin and chloramphenicol exhibited synergistic effects. Periplanetasin-2 in combination with vancomycin and chloramphenicol demonstrated antibacterial activity through the intracellular oxidative stress response. The combination with vancomycin resulted in the enhancement of bacterial apoptosis-like death, whereas the combination with chloramphenicol enhanced oxidative stress damage. These synergistic interactions of periplanetasin-2 can help broaden the spectrum of conventional antibiotics. The combination of antimicrobial peptides and conventional antibiotics is proposed as a novel perspective on treatments to combat severe bacterial infection.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2009

In the present study, ten herbal extracts, Citrus unshiu Markovich, root and stem of Berberis koreana, Morus alba, Dendrobium moniliforme, Aster gramineus, A. scabar, Alisma canaliculatum, Fallopia japonica and Origanum (O.) vulgare were determined to examine anti-mycoplasmal activity. Among them, O. vulgare extract (OVE) showed strong anti-mycoplasmal activity and was analyzed by gaschromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). As the results, OVE was consisted of carvacrol (68.78%), o-cymene (9.80%), terpinene (7.61%) and thymol (4.03%) as main ingredients. To investigate inflammatory activity by intact pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) at 30 $\mu$g/ml, we examined induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 264.7 cells. With the above results, we further investigated whether OVE could reduce inflammation induced by M. hyo at minimal inhibitory concentration. The result showed that 32 $\mu$g/ml of OVE inhibited nitric oxide production by 60%. This study also evaluated the combination of OVE with antibacterials against M. hyo for application. Based on these results, it could be concluded that M. hyo induces inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and OVE protects this inflammation, indicating that OVE may be useful for industrial animals.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2014

Unused medication disposal is a burden due to the cost of disposing as well as the cost of the drugs. Investigating medication returns is expected to suggest areas of intervention to reduce unused medications. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine types, quantity, costs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and therapeutic category of the medications returned to community pharmacies. Method: From January 15, 2014 to February 28, 2014, the medications returned to the 17 community pharmacies in Gimhae, Jinju, and Incheon, Korea were examined. The pharmacists and student volunteers worked cooperatively to identify the medications and analyze drug cost of prescription pill medications returned to the pharmacies. Results: A total of 2,720 pills of prescription medication were analyzed and 91 active pharmaceutical ingredients were identified. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, the most predominant group was A (alimentary tract and metabolism) with 33.3%, followed by N (nervous system) with 15.0%. With regard to the drug cost of groups, group A was the highest with 26.6%, followed by J01 (antibacterials for systemic use) with 20.2% and N (nervous system) with 18.3%. The total cost of the oral pill prescription medications was 468,477 won. Conclusion: The result from this study implies that unused drugs impose a significant cost to the health care system in Korea. In this study, medicines used to treat gastrointestinal conditions were returned most frequently with the highest drug cost. Further research in nationwide level is necessary to establish strategies to reduce the wastage of unused medicines.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1204-1209
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• 2010

We evaluated the antibacterial activities of selected edible Korean plant seeds against the food-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1927, Escherichia coli KCTC2593, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2054, and Bacillus cereus KCTC1014. While screening for antibacterial agents, we discovered that wheat germ extract contains 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) and is highly inhibitory to S. aureus and B. cereus. This is the first report of the antibacterial activity of wheat germ extract. We also investigated the antibacterial activities of the 1,4-benzoquinone standards 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), methoxybenzoquinone (MBQ), and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ). DMBQ and BQ were the most highly inhibitory to S. aureus and S. typhimurium, followed by MBQ and HQ. MICs for DMBQ and BQ ranged between 8 and 64 ${\mu}g/ml$ against the four foodborne pathogens tested. DMBQ and BQ showed significant antibacterial activity; the most sensitive organism was S. aureus with an MIC of 8 ${\mu}g/ml$. BQ exhibited good activity against S. typhimurium (32 ${\mu}g/ml$) and B. cereus (32 ${\mu}g/ml$). The results suggest that wheat germ extract has potential for the development of natural antimicrobials and food preservatives for controlling foodborne pathogens.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2002

Temperature-dependent pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied in the cultured olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus, and black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) originally developed for quinolone determination from livestock. Pharmacokinetics of CIP was apparently affected by ambient water temperature. In a two-compartment model for flounders after oral dosage of 20 mg/kg, $K_{01},\;at\;13^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ were 4.18 and 1.20/hr, respectively. The $K_{10},\;T_{max}\;and\;C_{max}\;at\;13^{\circ}C$ were 5.574/hr, l4.37${\mu}g/mL\;and\;3.15{\mu}g/mL,$ respectively. The corresponding values at $23^{\circ}C$ were l2.84/hr, 15.39${\mu}g/mL\;and\;6.38{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{1/2} (\alpha)\;and\;T_{1/2}\;(\beta)$ were 278.23 ${\mu}g \cdot hr/mL$, 0.24hr and 47.02hr at $13^{\circ}C$ and 3l7.8l${\mu}g \cdot hr/mL$, 0.30 hrs and 60.78hrs at $23^{\circ}C$ for the flounder, respectively. Similar CIP pharmacokinetics were revealed in the black rockfish after oral dosage of 20 mg/kg under the two water temperature regimes. These pharmacokinetical results have some implication in the optimal usage of recently introduced antibacterials in the farmed fish, which were primarily adapted for poultry and mammalian species.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2020

Background: Antibiotics are widely used to treat animals from infections. After fertilizing, antibacterials can remain in the soil while adversely affecting the soil microorganisms. The concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the soil and its effect on the soil microbial community was assessed. To assess the impact of OTC on the soil microbial community, it was added to the soil at concentrations of 50, 150, and 300 mg kg^-1 and incubated for 35 days. Results: The concentration of OTC added to the soil decreased from 150 to 7.6 mg kg^-1 during 30 days of incubation, as revealed by LC-MS. The deviations from the control values in the level of substrate-induced respiration on the 5th day of the experiment were, on average, 26, 68, and 90%, with OTC concentrations at 50, 150, and 300 mg kg^-1, respectively. In samples with 150 and 300 mg kg^-1 of OTC, the number of bacteria from the 3rd to 14th day was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than in the control. The addition of OTC did not affect the fungal counts in samples except on the 7th and 14th days for the 150 and 300 mg kg^-1 contaminated samples. Genes tet(M) and tet(X) were found in samples containing 50, 150, and 300 mg kg^-1 OTC, with no significant differences in the number of copies of tet(M) and tet(X) genes from the OTC concentration. Conclusions: Our results showed that even after a decrease in antibiotic availability, its influence on the soil microbial community remains.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.501-508
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• 1994

방출조절성 약제를 개발하기 위한 방법으로 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)quitoline-3-carboxylic acid의 $C_3$ 위치를 Vilsmeier reagent로 chlorination하여 이를 dextran과 반응시켜 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazlnyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid-dextran 중합체약을 합성하였다. 중합체약에 대한 최소발육저지농도(MICs)로서 Gram 양성세균 Bacillus subtillis ATCC 6633, Staphyloccus aureus ATCC 25923, Mycrobacterium phlei IFO 3158 및 Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1925에 대해서 각각 $5{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 균의 발육을 억제하였다. Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341에 대해서는 $80{\mu}g/ml$로 약한 활성을 보였을 뿐, Gram 양성세균들에 대하여 전반적으로 강한 저항성을 보여주었다. Gram 음성세균인 Escherichia coli KCTC 1039, Escherichia coli ESS, Klebsiella puenmouiae KCTC 1560 및 Psendomonas aeruginosa IFO 13130 균주들에 대해서도 각각 $5{\mu}g/ml$로 대조물질과 유사한 항균성을 보여주었다. 한편, quinolone계 항균제가 진균류에 대하여 감수성을 보이지 않는 것처럼 중합체약도 진균인 Candida albicans ATCC 10231에 대해서는 감수성을 보여주지 않았다.