• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.131-139
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• 2018

Purpose : The study objective was to assess the antibacterial activity of essential oil of basil against S. mutans and P. gingivalis and to explore its potential to prevent dental caries and peridontal disease. Method : Essential oil of basil, extracted using steam distillation, was diluted with triple distilled water and Tween 20 to generate samples at various concentration, that is 30%, 50%, and 70% (v/v). Strains of S. mutans and P. gingivalis were incubated in the medium under anaerobic condition. Broth microdilution susceptibility testing and plate incubation diffusion were utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to measure antibacterial activity, respectively. Result : An upsurge in antibacterial activity was seen to correlate with and increase in the concentration used for both bacterial strains, but was more significant with S. mutans. A statistically significant growth inhibition effect and reduction in the number of colonies was also observed with both strains dependent on the concentration used following 24 hours of incubation. Conclusion : Thus, the current study finding was that essential oil of basil was effective against dental caries and periodontal disease and could be used in dentifrice to help prevent oral disease.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2005

Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cassia auriculata were tested in vitro against fungi (Candida albicans and Microsporum canis) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteriditis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). M. canis showed dose-dependent susceptibility only towards ethanol leaf and bark extracts. C. albicans, were resistant to all types of plant extracts. Results were statistically smaller to antifungal drug ketoconazole and miconazole at equivalent concentration. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cassia auriculata leaves and barks exhibit antibacterial activity against S. aureus and only the ethanol extracts of leaf and bark were detected against Bacillus subtilis. The results were compared to antibacterial drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, penicillin G, and enrofloxacin. The antibacterial activity was statistically similar to penicillin G. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that this plant has antimicrobial activity, which is as potent as standard antimicrobial drugs.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

The antibacterial activity of Korean honey bee venom (KBV) was examined against seven major bacterial mastitis pathogens, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus uberis isolated from infected mammary quarters of cows. Seven bacterial mastitis pathogens were studied for antibacterial activity of the KBV by disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial count in milk samples. The KBV showed activity against Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. The order of susceptibility of the bacteria against the KBV was Staph. aureus>MRSA>E. coli>Strep. intermedius>Ent. faecium>Strep. oralis>Strep. uberis. The MIC against Staph. aureus, MRSA and E. coli were stronger effect as compared with standard drug. The effect of the KBV ($100{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) on the viability of Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius, Strep. oralis and Strep. uberis in milk differed significantly with each other within 12 h incubation period. The results indicate that KBV has significant antibacterial effects against major bacterial mastitis bacteria, Ent. faecium, E.coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. Results of the study indicate the potential use of KBV as alternative to antibiotic therapy. Further investigations are needed though to confirm its efficacy and its effects on the animals.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

There are several main antibacterial susceptibility tests, such as agar dilution method, broth dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Especially, for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, agar dilution method has been widely used. But that method is so complicated and bothering that it's difficult to treat a large amount of strains. On the other hand, modified broth dilution method(add 1% glucose and 0.018% phenol red as a pH indicator to broth) is fast and easy to perform. Most of all, it can visualize the result by color. The MICs of 22 antibiotics Including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, ceftiofur, vancomycin and quinolones, erythromycin, colistin. sul-fadimethoxine, trimethoprim for arcanobacterium pyogenes 14 strains, actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae 41 strains and pasteurella multocida 37 strains, which were collected from porcine during 1996 ∼ 1999, were determined by modified broth dilution method. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was highly susceptible to all kinds of quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and to all aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, apramycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, cephalothin and ceftiofur. But It was quite resistant to solfadimethoxin, colistin and vancomycin. Pasteurella multocida was found to have high susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chlorampenicol and gentamicin but had mid-degree susceptibility to other aminoglycosides. In addition, it was susceptible to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid, but not to newer fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and it was resistant to colistin and kanamycin. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was highly susceptible to most of quinolones such as cipoofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and gentamicin and penicillin G. But it also obtained high resistance against the early quinolone, nalidixic acid and aminoglycosides such as amikacin, apramycin and kanamycin and erythromycin, chlorampenicol, tetracyclin and vancomycin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.132-138
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• 1997

The antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil, a steam distillate from Leptospermum scoparium, was investigated, and it's MIC against ten kinds of microorganisms was determin ed. MICs against bacteria and fungi were measured by means of both two-fold dliution method and agar plate two-fold dilution method, respectively. MICs of Manuka oil against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1916 and Micrococcus luteus KCTC 1915, gram-positive microrganisms, were identical as 3.05 ${\mu}$g/ml, while it's antibacterial activity against gram-negative microrganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2513, Escherichia coli KCFC 1682, Klebsiella pneunioniae KCTC 2001 or Proteus vulgaris KCTC 2433 was negligible(MIC: ${\geq}$ 1000 ${\mu}$g/ml), suggesting a high susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria to Manuka oil. In addition, MIC against Aspergillus niger KCTC 6077 was 24 ${\mu}$g/ml. and that against the other fungi, Tricophyton mentagrophytes KCTC 1374 and Candida albicans KCTC 1940 was ${\geq}$ 1000 ${\mu}$g/ml. When Manuka oil ointment was used in combination with other drugs. i.e.. gentamycin sulfate, chlotrimazol and hydrocortisone acetate, and diphenhydramine HCl and hydrocortisone acetate. it's antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1916 was higher than Manuka oil ointment or other drugs alone. In conclusion, Manuka oil possesses a selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1916, and can be used as a potent antibacterial agent against it.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 1983

The rational approach to antimicrobial therapy of infected root canals is based on accurate identification of the infecting organism and on the organism's susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as measured by standardized techniques. In establishing criteria for the selection of antibiotics, a susceptibility test should be performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of 224 aerobic and anaerobic microbial strains isolated from infected root canals to various antibiotics. This was performed by using 7 antibiotic sensi-disc: Penicillin (10 units), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Tetracycline (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10 mcg), Kanamycin (30 mcg), Lincomycin (2 mcg), and Clindamycin (2 mcg). The results were as follows; 1. Strains isolated from infected root canals was shown to be most susceptible to Clindamycin, while Streptomycin exhibited least antibacterial properties. 2. Anaerobes were found to be susceptible to Penicillin, Ampicillin, and Clindamycin. 3. Streptomycin and Kanamycin were shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, however, unidentified G(+) cocci organisms were found to be resistant to these agents. 4. Bifidobacterium sp. was susceptible to Lincomycin while G(+) rods were resistant to it. 5. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., and anaerobes were highly susceptible to Clindamycin. 6. All of the antibiotics tested were shown to be very effective against Eubacterium sp.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2015

The increase in resistance by pathogenic bacteria to multiple antimicrobial agents has become a significant treat, as the effective antimicrobial agents available for the patients infected by such resistant bacteria are reduced, or even eliminated. Several natural plant extracts have exhibited antibacterial and synergistic activity against various resistant microorganisms. Houttuynia cordata is frequently used by many traditional medicine practicioners for its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of H. cordata extract against clinical multi-resistant bacteria, and compared the two methods used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thirty isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 10), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE, 10), Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB, 10) were included in this study. The antibacterial effect of H. cordata was tested by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods as per CLSI guidelines. In disk diffusion, all isolates (30) showed no inhibition to 30,000 ug/mL of H. cordata. But in the microbroth dilution method, $MIC_{90}$ of H. cordata was 4,096 ug/mL, 8,192 ug/mL and 4,096 ug/mL in MRSA, VRE and CRAB, respectively. These results demonstrate that H. cordata exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA, VRE and CRAB. Moreover, the microbroth dilution method is a more effective method than disk diffusion to evaluate the antibacterial activity of natural products. The Disk diffusion method used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of natural products required new standard guidelines including inoculum concentration of bacteria.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-239
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• 2022

Purpose: In our study, in order to find lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with multi-drug resistance to antibiotics, we isolated 140 strains from 15 types of kimchi commercially available in Korea and 20 types of Kimchi made at home from January to December in 2016, and investigated their H₂O₂ generating ability and multi-drug resistance to antibiotics. Methods: In order to observe the H₂O₂ generation ability of LAB, we performed the experiment with methods such as Rabe, Hillier, and Kang. To test the antibacterial susceptibility of LAB, we used the disc agar diffusion method using MRS agar (Difco, USA) according to the CLSI and WHO test methods. There are 18 types of antibiotic discs used. Results: Out of the total numbers of 140 strains, 6 strains of Ent. Faecium, 25 strains of L. plantarum, 1 strain of L. rhamnosus, 3 strains of L. sakei, 1 strain of L. acidophilus, 1 strains St. thermophilus, and 7 of unidentified strains generated H₂O₂. The antibiotic susceptibility of Ent. Faecium indicated SXT, OX, NA, and E; and the antibiotic susceptibility of L. plantarum indicated NA; and the antibiotic susceptibility of St. thermophilus indicated NA, CC, RA, CTT, CM, and P ; and the antibiotic susceptibility of L. rhamnosus indicated SXT, VA, NA and CTT; and the antibiotic susceptibility of 6 strains of L. sakei indicated SXT, OX, NOR, NA, CTT and CIP, all indicating antibiotic resistance. In the case of multi-drug resistance to antibiotics for 53 strains of L. antarum, 8-drug resistance was the most common with 25 strains, followed by 7-drug-resistant strains with 18 strains, 9-drug-resistant strains with 4 strains, 6-drug-resistant strains with 3 strains, 5-drug-resistant strains with 2 strains, and 17-drug-resistant strains with 1 strain. In the case of multi-drug resistance to antibiotics for Ent. Faecium 27 strains, 9-drug resistance was most commonly identified as 9 strains, 8-drug resistance was identified as 6 strains, 7- and 11 drug resistances were identified as 4 strains each, and 4- and 6-drug resistances were identified as 1 strain each. Conclusion: Ent. Faecium, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. sakei, and St. thermophilus, shown to have anantibacterial activity in previous studies on LAB and shown to have and H₂O₂ generating ability, antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance in this study, are expected to be able to play an excellent role for long-term inpatients to use as an alternative to antibiotics and to cope with emerging antibiotic resistance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

Objective : The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia capillaris (A. capillaris), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it necessary to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Methods : The crushed materials of A. capillaris (1 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus in order to obtain essential oil. Diethyl ether was the extracting solvent kept at 25°.... The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The essential oil and the composition were tested for antimicrobial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. Results and Conclusion : The components of the essential oil identified were: β-pinene (9.36%), camphor (3.32%), 1,8­cineole (4.38%), artemisia alcohol (3.32%), β-caryophyllene (11.08%), γ-cadinene (4.23%), and capillene (32.74%). The essential oil of A. capillaris exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all oral bacteria tested, while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.33-37
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• 2004

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the Sohporaflavanone G isolated from Sophora flavescens (S. flavescens), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it essential to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Method : Sophoraflavanone G was isolated from the dried roots of Sophora flavescens Aiton (Leguminosae) by bioassay?guided fractionation. We investigated the effect of sophoraflavanone G on oral bacterial at various concentrations after incubation of 24 h in strains in the dose?dependent manner. Results: The structure of active compound, Sophoraflavanone G having a lavandulyl group at C?8, was elucidated on the basis of spectral data especially 1H?NMR and I3C?NMR. The antimicrobial activity showed that Sophoraflavanone G exhibited antimicrobial activilies against all the bacteria tested (MICs, 0.39 - 6.25 ㎍／ml). Sophoraflavanone G showed the strong antimicrobial activity against all the facultative bacteria and microaerophilic bacteria (MICs, 0.78 - 1.56 ㎍／ml) and also Sophoraflavanone G showed the strong antimicrobial activity against obligate anaerobic bacteria (MICs, 0.39 - 6.25 ㎍／ml).