• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2022

건강 기능성 소재로 많이 활용되고 있는 수삼은 정제수에서 1시간 세척 후에도 일반세균은 6.5 log CFU/g, 곰팡이는 4.3 log CFU/g 수준으로 높게 나타나 미생물 안전성을 확보하기 위해 상업적 항균제 8종의 적용 실험을 진행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 다양한 박테리아와 곰팡이류에 대한 항균효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 1% (w/w) 구연산나트륨, 이초산나트륨, 초산나트륨, 구연산 및 젖산나트륨 용액에 세척한 수삼을 각각 1시간 동안 침지한 결과 유기산 종류별로 31.0-97.5%의 총세균의 저감화 효과를 보였다. 유기산 계통 항균소재 중 구연산나트륨이 6.5 log CFU/g에서 4.3 log CFU/g으로 2 log CFU/g 내외의 오염 미생물이 저감화 되어 가장 살균력이 좋았다. 수삼에 대한 유기산 항균효과는 물에 해리된 pH 2.4 내외의 산 성분이 미생물의 세포막을 통해 세포질로 확산되어 생육에 필수 인자인 단백질과 핵산의 구조와 기능을 변화시켜 발생하였다. 바실러스 포자에 대해 항균력이 있는 것으로 알려진 계면활성제 계통의 항균제 실험 결과 세척만 적용한 무처리구 6.5 log CFU/g 대비 비타민B₁라우릴 황산염 처리시 3.8 log CFU/g으로 2.7 log CFU/g 감균되어 99.8%의 우수한 살균효과를 나타내었다. 계면활성제의 친수성 및 소수성 부위가 세포막의 유사 부위와 각각 결합하여 구조 변형을 가져오게 되어, 미생물의 세포막이 파괴되면 생육에 관련된 효소, 뉴클레오타이드 및 뉴클레오시드 및 당의 누출을 초래하게 되어 효과적으로 세포 사멸을 유도하게 된다. 통마늘과 통생강과 같은 향신채소의 미생물 제어에 효과적인 1.0% (w/w) 산화칼슘 용액에서는 수삼내 총균이 3.5 log CFU/g으로 무처리구 대비 3 log CFU/g 내외 감균되어 99.9%의 우수한 살균효과를 나타내어 산화칼슘이 수삼의 미생물 감균 소재로 활용도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 소성 산화칼슘은 pH 12.5의 강한 알칼리성과 활성산소로 미생물의 생리 활성에 영향을 주어 효과적인 살균 효과를 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.610-616
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• 2002

The growth-inhibiting effects of Pinus densiflpora leaf-derived materials on nine human intestinal bacteria were investigated using the impregnated paper disk method, and their activities were compared with those of 13 commercially available terpenes. The biologically active constituent of the extract of P densiflora leaf was characterized as the monoterpene (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene by various spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied according to bacterial strain, chemicals, and dose. At 10 mg/disk, limonene and (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene strongly inhibited the growth of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, without adverse effects on the growth of five lactic acid-bacteria (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. casei). Little or no inhibition against seven bacteria was observed with anethole, borneol, camphor, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, estragole, linalool, and $\alpha$-terpineol. Structure-activity relationship revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. Furthermore, the growth-inhibition against L. casei was much more pronounced in (1R)-(+)-$\beta$- and (In-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes than (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$- and (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-pinenes. These results indicate that the (+)-$\alpha$ form seems to be required against C. perfringens and $\beta$ form against L. casei for growth-inhibiting activity. Morphologically, most strains of C. perfringens were damaged and disappeared at 5 and 2 mg/disk of (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene. Morphological study revealed that (1R)-(+)-$\alpha$-pinene had more growth-inhibiting activity against C. perfringens than (1R)-(+)-$\beta$-, (1S)-(-)-$\alpha$-, and (1S)-(-)-$\beta$-pinenes. As naturally occurring growth-inhibiting agents, the Pinus leaf-derived materials described above could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria such as clostridia.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1983

The rational approach to antimicrobial therapy of infected root canals is based on accurate identification of the infecting organism and on the organism's susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as measured by standardized techniques. In establishing criteria for the selection of antibiotics, a susceptibility test should be performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of 224 aerobic and anaerobic microbial strains isolated from infected root canals to various antibiotics. This was performed by using 7 antibiotic sensi-disc: Penicillin (10 units), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Tetracycline (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10 mcg), Kanamycin (30 mcg), Lincomycin (2 mcg), and Clindamycin (2 mcg). The results were as follows; 1. Strains isolated from infected root canals was shown to be most susceptible to Clindamycin, while Streptomycin exhibited least antibacterial properties. 2. Anaerobes were found to be susceptible to Penicillin, Ampicillin, and Clindamycin. 3. Streptomycin and Kanamycin were shown to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, however, unidentified G(+) cocci organisms were found to be resistant to these agents. 4. Bifidobacterium sp. was susceptible to Lincomycin while G(+) rods were resistant to it. 5. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., and anaerobes were highly susceptible to Clindamycin. 6. All of the antibiotics tested were shown to be very effective against Eubacterium sp.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.291-303
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• 2012

As respiratory tract infections (RTI) account for about 60% of all antibiotic prescriptions in outpatient care setting, there are significant concerns about emerging resistance that are largely due to the excessive or inappropriate use of antibacterial agents for viral respiratory infections. This study was aimed to develop retrospective drug utilization review (DUR) program of antibiotics for RTIs using Delphi methods. Retrospective DUR criteria of antibiotics for RTIs were identified based on clinical practice guidelines and opinion of experts. Expert panel members were clinical doctors and pharmacists and Delphi method was applied by survey on 16 members of panels. The claim data from Korean Health Insurance Review & Assessment (HIRA) were used to examine trends in outpatient antibiotic prescription between Janunary to December of 2008. As results, Quality index for RTI was assessed for the claim type, antibiotics use of quantity, duration, number and cost. Antibiotic prescription rate for RTIs, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), and duration of antibiotics use were more recognized as significant quality index by experts' opinion. Use of first line agents suggested by guidelines was low and duration of antibiotics use was shorter compared to the recommendations. Antibiotics were over prescribed for RITs. However, dose and duration of antibiotics were under-used.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

Fluoroquinolones are the most common group of antibacterial agents currently used in the Korean aquaculture industry, and use of these agents has been increasing steadily. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used for the simultaneous determination of five fluoroquinolones in fish and shellfish: ofloxacin (OFL), pefloxacin (PEF), norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and enrofloxacin (ENRO). Fish and shellfish muscle was homogenized, and protein, lipid, and low molecular weight pigments were then excluded from the homogenate. The final eluates were analyzed by HPLC equipped with a Shiseido UG-120 type C18 reverse-phase column ($4.6{\times}250 mm$, $5{\mu}m$) and a fluorescence detector (excitation at 280 nm, emission at 450 nm). The mobile phase was 0.1 M phosphoric acid and acetonitrile solution (91:9, v/v) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added to it at a rate of 5 mL per a liter of the mobile phase. Adequate chromatography separation was obtained using the above method. Average recoveries of fortified samples at levels from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg were $72.3{\pm}2.5-84.5{\pm}1.2%$ for OFL, $82.7{\pm}3.3- 109.3{\pm}7.5%$ for NOR, $85.3{\pm}6.6-116.0{\pm}7.9%$ for PEF, $76.0{\pm}4.3-109.3{\pm}12.4%$ for CIP, and $78.7{\pm}5.9-100.0{\pm}9.8%$ for ENRO. The limit of detection of OFL was $5{\mu}g/L$, the others were $1{\mu}g/L$. We concluded that the new analytical method was suitable for the determination of fluoroquinolones in fish and shellfish.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.287-299
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• 1997

Procurement, cutting, cleansing, freezing, freeze-drying, and demineralization of the allogeneic bone must be made under the germ-free stable condition without bacterial and/or viral contamination. Even thought the bone is procured under the germ free condition, we must have confidence on disinfection of all the solutions that come in contact with tissue during the whole procedure. Lots of antibacterial agents have been introduced for chemical sterilization. Recently ethylene oxide gas sterilization or radiation sterilization is frequently selected as a secendary sterilization procedure. The biological and biochemical response of the graft material differs with the type and concentration of the sterilizing agents, and various toxic reactions have been reported due to the graft material itself and the substance released by the chemicals. The authors conducted the Millipore filter test to observe the toxic effect on L929 fibroblasts according to the effect on activity of succinate dehydrogenase, during the secondary sterilization of the demineralized allogeneic bone powder with irradiation or ethylene oxide gas. The result were as follows : 1. Around the copper disk, positive control group, 10mm diameter discoloration was observed. 2. As same as the negative control group, the disk showed no discoloration. 3. The demineralized allogeneic bone which was sterilized with ethylene oxide gas or irradiation showed no cytotoxicity. 4. From this results, it is suggested that treatment with ethylene oxide gas or irradiation should be effective to sterilize the deminineralized allogeneic bone.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.587-593
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• 2021

Infertility is a key issue affecting mood and behavior in men. Microorganisms are one of the primary etiological agents that may be associated with infertility. The objective of the present study was to identify bacterial causative agents from the semen of infertile subjects and determine the effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality, as well as determine the susceptibility of these bacteria to drugs. Forty semen samples from 30 infertile patients and 10 fertile individuals were collected. The pH, volume, motility, and concentration of semen were analyzed. The samples were processed and identified by biochemical testing using API identification kits. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the disc diffusion method. Abnormal sperm quality was observed. The mean age of the individual and their sperm morphology, concentration, progressive motility, pH level, and pus cell content were 31.9 years, 2.7%, 10.4 million/ml, 27.3%, 8.3, and 5.7, respectively. Among the tested samples, oligoasthenozoospermia was found to show the highest occurrence, at 27/30 samples, followed by teratozoospermia, at 25/30 samples, and asthenozoospermia, at 22/30 samples. Of the tested infertile patients' sperm, 19, 6, and 5 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. The results also revealed multi-drug resistance in the bacteria. Compared to that shown by the other tested antibiotics, amikacin showed higher activity against all isolated bacteria. However, the bacteria exhibited maximum resistance against gentamicin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, and ampicillin. In conclusion, leukocytospermia and bacterial infections are possibly responsible for sperm abnormalities. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were detected. Gentamicin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin and ampicillin were shown the highest resistance, while amikacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against the isolated bacteria.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1982

대전시 근교의 18개 목장에서 착유우 167두를 대상으로 C.M.T.법에 의해 유방염조사를 실시하여 양성우의 유즙으로부터 Staphylococcus 7주를 분리하였다. 이를 유방염치료에 있어 보다 개선된 대책을 강구하기 위하여 시판되고 있는 15종의 항균성제제에 대한 감수성시험을 실시한 바 그 성적을 다음과 같이 요약한다. 1. 분리된 Staphylococcus군에 있어 No.3,5,7수는 전항균성제제에, No.1,6주는 14제제에, No.2주는 13제제에, No.4주는 4제제에 대해서 감수성을 나타냈다. 2. 같은 항균성제제를 지속적으로 사용하거나, 다수제제를 사용할 경우 그 빈도가 잦을 수록 감수성이 약해지는 동시에 내성이 형성되었다. 3. 유방염 발생에 있어 항균성제제에 대한 감수성시험을 선행실시함으로서 치료법을 합리적으로 개선할 수 있을 것이다. 4. 항균성이 강한 제제를 선정하여 자주 교체사용하는 방법을 권장하고저 한다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 1993

To evaluate KR-10876, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, its effects on the central nervous system(CNS) were investigated in mmice as part of phamacological study, and the results were compared with those for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, two prototypes of quinolone antiabctrial agents. All the parameters indicative of CNS function and acute toxicity were measured by close observation of the animals at regular time intervals after oral treatment of test compounds. KR-10876 did not have any effect on the parameters measured at lower does (100, 300 mg/kg, p.o.), it caused ptosis, suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity, hypothemia, and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. KR-10876 also had a slight effect on motor coordination only at high dose. Simialr to ciprofloxacin, KR-10876 did not protect mice from pentylenetetrazol-strychnine-, and electroshock-inducedl convulsions at doses tested. These findings demonstrate that KR-10876 affects CNS functions only at high doses. The rank order for effects is ofloxacin$\le$KR-10876>ciprofloxacin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.44-55
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• 2016

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that has been isolated from contaminated fermented soybean food products and from the environment. B. cereus produces diarrheal and emetic toxins and has caused many outbreaks of foodborne diseases. In this study, we investigated whether B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7, isolated from rice doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented soybean food, shows antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and regulates its toxin gene expression. B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against B. cereus and inhibited the expression of B. cereus toxin-related genes (groEL, nheA, nheC, and entFM). We also found that addition of water extracts of soybean and buckwheat soksungjang (Korean fermented soybean paste made in a short time) fermented with B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 significantly reduced the growth and toxin expression of B. cereus. These results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens RD7-7 could be used to control B. cereus growth and toxin production in the fermented soybean food industry. Our findings also provide a basis for the development of candidate biological control agents against B. cereus to improve the safety of fermented soybean food products.