• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fish silage prepared from Indian oil sardines, Sardinella longiceps, as partial replacement of soybean meal as a sole source of protein for growing broiler chickens. The main objective of Experiment 1, an ileal digestibility assay, was to assess the nutritional value of fish silage compared with soybean meal for feeding broiler chickens. The two test ingredients, soybean meal and dried fish silage, were incorporated into semi-synthetic diets, as the only component containing protein. The ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids of fish silage were considerably higher than those of soybean meal (p<0.001). The lower digestibility of amino acids from soybean meal was related to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors. Fish silage had higher levels of sulphur-containing amino acids than soybean meal. The objective of Experiment 2, a growth study, was to evaluate the effect of feeding fish silage on performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens raised under closed and open-sided housing systems. Four diets containing various levels of fish silage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of Experiment 2, 96 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate meat quality characteristics. Housing type had significant effects on feed intake and body weight gain (p<0.01). Birds in the open-sided house consumed 4.7% less amount of feed and gained 10.6% less than their counterparts in a closed house. Birds in both houses fed diets containing 10 and 20% fish silage gained more than birds fed 30% fish silage. The current study produced evidence that fish silage can replace up to 20% of soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting either growth performance or the sensory quality of broiler meat.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.263-275
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• 2008

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is one of significant risk factors of developing diabetes. The persons with IFG are, thus, an important target group for primary prevention of diabetes. It is well known that plasma homocysteine concentration may be increased in poor folate nutritional status. Elevated level of plasma homocysteine is considered as a marker of enhanced oxidative stress. In addition, the protective effect against oxidative stress may be diminished in poor antioxidative nutrient status as vitamin C. It is, therefore, important to maintain adequate nutritional status of folate and vitamin C in the patients with type 2 diabetes or IFG. This study was performed to determine the effects of supplementation of folic acid or vitamin C on plasma concentrations of homocysteine, oxidized LDL, and lipids and on the activity of plasma anti-oxidative enzyme in patients with IFG. A total of 97 patients with IFG were participated voluntarily with written consents. They were divided into one of the four experimental groups; Control (C), Folatesupplemented (F), Ascorbate-supplemented (A), and Folate plus ascorbate-supplemented (FA). The subjects in C were taken placebo, those in F were supplemented 1 mg of folate, those in A were received 1,000 mg of vitamin C, and those in FA were given 1 mg of folate plus 1,000 mg of vitamin C daily for 4 weeks. No change in plasma concentrations of vitamin C, lipids, and oxidized LDL and the activity of GSH-Px were observed in vitamin C-supplemented group (A + FA) and folate-supplemented group (F + FA) compared to the placebo group (C + A). Only the folate-supplemented group (F + FA) had significantly increased average serum folate concentration and lowered plasma homocysteine concentration compared to the placebo group (C + A). Thus, it should be recommended the patients with IFG to increase folate intake through diets and, if it is not sufficient, to take folic acid supplements to prevent the development of complications induced by hyperhomocysteinemia as well as oxidative stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2017

Objective: Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena) is a perennial tropical legume that can be directly grazed or harvested and offered to ruminants as hay, silage, or fresh. However, Leucaena contain phenolic compounds, which are considered anti-nutritional factors as these may reduce intake, digestibility and thus animal performance. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine effects of Leucaena silage (LS) feeding levels on rumen microbial populations, N-balance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy steers. Methods: Four, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial weight of $167{\pm}12kg$ were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Treatments were as followings: T1 = untreated rice straw (RS; Control), T2 = 70% RS+30% LS, T3 = 40% RS+60% LS, and T4 = 100% LS. Dairy steers were fed rice straw and LS ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate at 0.2% of body weight/d. Results: Results revealed that the rumen microbial population, especially cellulolytic, proteolytic bacteria and fungal zoospores were enhanced in steers that received 60% of LS (p<0.05), whereas the amylolytic bacteria population was not affected by treatments (p>0.05). Protozoal population was linearly decreased with increasing level of LS (p<0.05). Moreover, N-balance and microbial protein synthesis were enhanced by LS feeding (p<0.05) and were the highest in 60% LS group. Conclusion: Based on this study, it could be concluded that replacement of RS with 60% LS significantly improved microbial population and microbial protein synthesis in diary steers.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2020

The black seed coat of soybeans contain anthocyanins which promote health. However, mature soybean seeds contain anti-nutritional factors like lipoxygenase, lectin and Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI) proteins. Furthermore, these seeds can be used only after the genetic elimination of these proteins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop novel soybean genotypes with black seed coat and triple recessive alleles (lx1lx1lx2lx2lx3lx3, titilele) for lipoxygenase, lectin, and KTI proteins. From a cross of parent1 (lx1lx2lx3/lx1lx2lx3, ti/ti, Le/Le) and parent2 (lx1lx2lx3/lx1lx2lx3, Ti/Ti, le/le), 132 F₂ seeds were obtained. A 3:1 segregation ratio was observed during F₂ seed generation for the inheritance of lectin and KTI proteins. Between a cross of the Le and Ti genes, the observed independent inheritance ratio in the F₂ seed generation was 9: 3 : 3 : 1 (69 Le_Ti_: 32 leleTi_: 22 Le_titi: 9 leletiti) (χ²=2.87, P=0.5 - 0.1). From nine F₂ seeds with triple recessive alleles (lx1lx1lx2lx2lx3lx3, titilele genotype), one novel strain posessing black seed coat, and free of lipoxygenase, lectin and KTI proteins, was selected. The seed coat color of the new strain was black and the cotyledon color of the mature seed was green. The weight of 100 seeds belonging to the new strain was 35.4 g. This black soybean strain with lx1lx1lx2lx2lx3lx3, titilele genotype is a novel strain free of lipoxygenase, lectin, and KTI proteins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.504-510
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• 2018

Different processing methods, including steeping, boiling, roasting, and pressure roasting were used to deactivate anti-nutritional factors and remove off-flavor present in legumes. The physical and textural characteristic of cookie made with the treated flours were examined. The lightness of roasted cowpea flour was higher than that of the other treated legume flours, whereas that of pressure-roasted mungbean flour was the lowest. The boiled and pressure-roasted legume flours exhibited substantially lower pasting viscosity since the starches in these flours were considerably gelatinized during the heat treatment. Steeped mungbean flour had a significantly higher final viscosity than the other treated legume flours. Cookies containing mungbean flour had a higher protein content but lower lipid content than those containing cowpea flour. Cookies made with cowpea flour had a greater hardness than those made with mungbean flour. Cookies containing roasted flour had relatively better color properties than did those containing flours that were treated using other methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-130
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• 2004

Lathyrus sativus, locally known as Khesari, is a leguminous pulse crop grown in many parts of the world for food (used by poor people) and animal feed/fodder. Its seeds are rich in protein and energy but contains anti-nutritional factors prominent among which is ${\beta}$-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (BOAA), a neurotoxin causing lathyrism in humans due to prolong consumption. Keeping in view the chemical characteristics of this toxin and literary facts on L. sativus feeding in terrestrial animals, it was hypothesized that aquatic species may better utilise this ingredient in mixed extruded diets. Diets were prepared with varying levels (0, 10, 18, 26 and 34%) of L. sativus seeds and fed for 60 days to study growth, body composition and digestibility of nutrients. Final body weight, specific growth rate and feed and protein conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Crude protein digestibility was reduced (p<0.01) beyond 26% inclusion level of L. sativus. Final carcass composition with regard to protein, lipid and ash did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Comparable craniosomatic, viscerosomatic, renosomatic and hepatic indices and no mortality implies no apparent adverse effect on the vital organs and fish health. It was concluded that L. sativus can be a promising feed ingredient that can be used up to 34% or possibly higher level in fingerlings diet. To our knowledge, it appears to be the first report of its kind under laboratory conditions.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.366-374
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• 2012

In order to create a worker-friendly environment for institutional foodservice, facilities operating with a dry kitchen system have been recommended. This study was designed to compare the work safety and work environment of foodservice between wet and dry kitchen systems. Data were obtained using questionnaires with a target group of 303 staff at 57 foodservice operations. Dry kitchen facilities were constructed after 2006, which had a higher construction cost and more finishing floors with anti-slip tiles, and in which employees more wore non-slip footwear than wet kitchen (76.7%). The kitchen temperature and muscular pain were the most frequently reported employees' discomfort factors in the two systems, and, in the wet kitchen, "noise of kitchen" was also frequently reported as a discomfort. Dietitian and employees rated the less slippery and slip related incidents in dry kitchens than those of wet kitchen. Fryer area, ware-washing area, and plate waste table were the slippery areas and the causes were different between the functional areas. The risk for current leakage was rated significantly higher in wet kitchens by dietitians. In addition, the ware-washing area was found to be where employees felt the highest risk of electrical shock. Muscular pain (72.2%), arthritis (39.1%), hard-of-hearing (46.6%) and psychological stress (47.0%) were experienced by employees more than once a month, particularly in the wet kitchen. In conclusion, the dry kitchen system was found to be more efficient for food and work safety because of its superior design and well managed practices.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2010

To reduce anti-nutritional factors in plant protein sources for fish meal replacement in fish feeds, cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae. A feeding trial was conducted to verify the effects of fermented CS (FCS) with phytase supplementation on gossypol detoxification, phosphorus digestibility, antioxidant activity, and growth performance of juvenile olive flounder over 10 weeks. Four diets were formulated to replace 0, 30, or 40% fish meal protein with CS or FCS (designated as CS0, CS30, FCS30P, and FCS40P). Phytase (1,000 FTU/kg) was added to FCS30P and FCS40P. The microbial fermentation significantly increased dietary total polyphenols and consequently led to higher DPPH radical-scavenging activities in fish feed and fish tissue. Dietary and liver gossypol concentrations were dramatically decreased by the fermentation process. Phosphorus digestibility was significantly increased in fish fed the FCS40P diet. However, growth performance decreased in fish fed FCS diets. This study demonstrates that the fermentation process and phytase supplementation can improve the phosphorus availability of plant protein sources in fish. The fermentation of CS by A. oryzae could increase antioxidant activities in feed and fish and effectively degrade toxic gossypol in cottonseed meal.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs refer to medicines that are generally safe when used according to the product label. We aimed to assess and reflect upon changes in perception of health and health-related demands by decades in Korea according to the consumption and sales trends of OTC drugs. This study was conducted by literature search on the production and sale rankings of OTC drug market in Korea. Changes in the OTC drug market were analyzed and organized by decades to evaluate changes in drug demands and the influence of national and societal factors. There was a specific trend in the most popular drugs by decades. In the 1950s, drugs of top necessity were antibiotics and helminthics. In the 1960s, the pharmaceutical industry quickly grew and invigorators, such as Bacchus$^{(R)}$, Alps$^{(R)}$, Aronamin$^{(R)}$, were top manufactured drugs. Popularity of these invigorating drinks and vitamin products continued until the 1990s. In 1990s, sales of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ketotop Plaster$^{(R)}$, Trast Patch$^{(R)}$), and in 2000s, gum disease medicine (Insadol$^{(R)}$) and liver and intestine supplement (Ursa$^{(R)}$) were prominent. However, after the separation of prescribing and dispensing in 2000, the sales of OTC drugs decreased dramatically from 58.7% of the total market share in 1990s to 39.6% in 2000 and this trend has continued. In 2012, thirteen OTC drugs were allowed to be sold in convenience stores, and as the sales of health functional foods have been expanding beyond pharmacies, sales of invigorators and nutritional supplements in pharmacies have continued to decrease. As government's drug expenditure will continue to grow, reclassification of OTC drugs based on established safety information and deliberate team efforts on continued development of OTC drugs to meet the health demands of Koreans are required by the healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical industries, and the government.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2020

Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs. While many studies have been conducted to find the risk factors of peptic ulcers, there are no studies on the suggestion of peptic ulcer prediction models for Koreans. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to implement peptic ulcer prediction model using machine learning based on demographic information, obesity information, blood information, and nutritional information for middle-aged and elderly people. For model building, wrapper-based variable selection method and naive Bayes algorithm were used. The classification accuracy of the female prediction model was the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.712, and males showed an AUC of 0.674, which is lower than that of females. These results can be used for prediction and prevention of peptic ulcers in the middle and elderly people.