• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC), chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by severe inflammation in the colon. Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Pu-erh tea, a unique Chinese tea produced by microbial activities, possesses a broad range of health-promoting effects, including anti-aging, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antioxidation and anti-obesity. However, the inhibitory effect of Pu-erh tea on intestinal inflammation and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The present study was designed to evaluate the regulatory effect of Pu-erh tea extract (PTE) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis clinical signs by analyzing the weight loss and colon length in mice. The inhibitory effects of PTE on inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were also determined in DSS-treated colitis tissue. We observed that PTE treatment significantly inhibited the DSS-induced clinical symptoms of weight loss, decrease,in colon length, and colon tissue damage in mice. Moreover, PTE attenuated the DSS-induced levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in colon tissue. We also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PTE by suppressing the activation of NF-κB in DSS-treated colon tissues. Collectively, the findings provide experimental evidence that PTE may be effective in preventing and treatment of intestinal inflammatory disorders, including UC.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.311-319
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• 2022

Hyaluronic acid from Liparis tessellatus eggs (HALTE) was grafted with caffeic acid (CA-g-HALTE), ferulic acid (FA-g-HALTE), gallic acid (GA-g-HALTE), and nisin (Nisin-g-HALTE) and investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) generation and prostaglandin E₂ activity were measured after treatment with the grafted HALTE samples. All grafted HALTE samples exhibited more antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals than 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Nisin-g-HALTE showed the least antioxidant activity. Additionally, the NO assay results showed that all grafted samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced macrophage activity after treatment. The most effective concentrations of CA-g-HALTE and FA-g-HALTE were found to be above 100 ㎍/mL. Increased sample concentration resulted in increased activity except with Nisin-gHALTE at 100 ㎍/mL. CA-g-HALTE, FA-g-HALTE, GA-g-HALTE, and Nisin-g-HALTE were found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which can be further explored for use in food, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1039-1049
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• 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by immune dysregulation. Meanwhile, the supernatant of lactic acid bacteria (SL) was recently reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are widely used for studying AD-like responses. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of SL from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes, and then we investigated the strains' probiotic properties. SL was noncytotoxic and regulated chemokines (macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)) and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-25, and IL-33) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes. SL from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MG4644, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG4693, and Lactococcus lactis MG5474 decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, the safety of the three strains was demonstrated via hemolysis, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, and toxicity tests, and the stability was confirmed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, L. rhamnosus MG4644, L. paracasei MG4693, and Lc. lactis MG5474 have potential applications in functional food as they are stable and safe for intestinal epithelial cells and could improve atopic inflammation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2020

Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water extract (SB-HW) and Chrysanthemum morifolium ethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (120 ㎍/mL) or SB-HW (40 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (160 ㎍/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (120 ㎍/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-induced NCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGE2 and IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be applied as a new anti-inflammatory herbal medicine

• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2024

Objectives: Gyeongokgo is a traditional medicine typically used for individuals with wasting disorders and decreased immunity. Carop is well-known for its exceptional antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to determine whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Gyeongokgo may be enhanced by the addition of carob. Methods: Cytotoxicity was confirmed using an MTT assay. Free radical scavenging activity ability was evaluated using DPPH assay. The amount of produced nitrogen oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured using an ELISA reader. Results: The Gyeongokgo with carob showed no cytotoxicity and a synergistic effect on antioxidant activity, when compared with the Gyeongokgo without carob. In addition, the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production was higher for the Gyeongokgo with carob when compared with the Gyeongokgo without carob. The anti-inflammatory response of the Gyeongokgo with carob was possibly through the suppression of the production of TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusion: The addition of carob to Gyeongokgo may be an effective measure to enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.14.1-14.6
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• 2018

Santalum album Linn. [Family: Santalaceae] is commonly known as white sandalwood, sandal safaid and safed chandan. It is one of the most valuable trees and second costliest wood in the world. Sandalwood and its oil is extensively used in the Unani and other traditional systems of medicine as it has blood purifier, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, exhilarant, cardiotonic, antiseptic, nervine tonic and expectorant properties. It is used in skin, cardiac, liver, gastrointestinal, respiratory, integument and urogenital disorders. These uses are supported and proven by many in vitro or in vivo studies. The proven pharmacological activities of S. album are antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anti-fatigue. The research has proven that sandal oil or its constituents have anti-microbial activity. Sandalwood oil showed skin cancer preventive effect in mice and its constituent alpha santalol showed the anticancer property. The methanolic extract of wood was confirmed for antioxidant, free radical scavenging, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ santalols present in sandal oil showed sedative effects. Sandalwood tea had a significant effect on heart muscles of frog and showed increased myocardial contractility. Its oil showed significant changes in hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Sandalwood oil and its major constituents showed less acute oral and dermal toxicity in laboratory animals. Hence, the aforementioned studies justify the uses of sandalwood and its oil mentioned in the classical Unani literature. However, further clinical trials are suggested to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2009

Polyphenolic compounds are reported to have various pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Although numerous papers explore their functional roles in many different cellular actions, not many studies handle their structural features in anti-inflammatory responses. In this study, therefore, we examined structural role of substituted transstilbenes in their NO inhibitory and NF-${\kappa}B$ suppressive activities. Of 10 compounds tested, 4 compounds (cinnamic acid, resveratrol, piceatannol and curcumin) displayed NO inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, these compounds blocked LPS-induced cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells. All NO inhibitory compounds also inhibited $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, a hallmark for NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, these inhibitory compounds exhibited distinct suppressive pattern in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$- or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activation. According to structure-activity relationship study, polarity and size of ring B seem to be important for diminishing NO production. Therefore, our data suggest that substituted trans-stilbenes can be developed as novel anti-inflammatory drug or further developed as lead compounds for another improvement.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2020

Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (Compositae) is a traditional medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities. To elucidate new anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory constituents, the aerial parts of A. capillaries were investigated to afford a new compound, (6E,8E)-6-methylundeca-6,8-diene-2,5,10-trione (17) together with 19 known compounds (1 - 16, 18 - 20). The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D, 2D NMR, HREIMS, and optical rotation [α]_D. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was determined to be S form for the first time. All isolates (1 - 20) were tested their inhibitory effects on interleukin 2 (IL-2) expression in T cells and NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW246.7. Among them, compounds 10, 11, 19, and 20 reduced IL-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compound 10 also inhibited NO production with an IC₅₀ value of 37.3 ± 0.4 μM.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1386-1390
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• 2005

Lycii Fructus (LF) has been reported to possess various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of LF extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and rat peritoneal mast cells(RPMC). LF extract inhibited NO production and the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and enzyme protein, determined by Griess reactions, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. LF extract significantly inhibited histamine release in compound48/80 stimulated rat peritoneal mast cells compared with the compound48/80 only treated cells. It is suggested that the LF extract can improve the inflammation status that involves the histamine release.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.2006-2011
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• 2016

The marine sponges Hyrtios and Haliclona species, both of which are known to produce secondary bioactive metabolites, were used to extract 1304KO-327 and 1304KO-328. Such secondary metabolites are potentially antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antifungal, and antiplasmodial. In the present study, the effects of 1304KO-327 and 1304KO-328 were studied for their clinical and pathological importance. The cytotoxicity of 1304KO-327 and 1304KO-328 was assessed via MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on HT-29, Caco-2, and Raw 264.7 cells. Rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells were used to prove the antiviral effects of the marine sponge extracts. The test results cogently proved that the virus-inhibiting effects of the sponge extracts improved with extract concentration. Anti-inflammatory effects of the marine sponge extracts were tested on Lipopolysaccharide-treated Raw 264.7 cells. Nitric oxide and cytokine were produced by treatment of the cells with LPS and the inhibiting effects of the sponge extracts on $IL-1{\beta}$ formation were investigated. This study found that the NO production was decreased dose dependently, and $IL-1{\beta}$ formation was significantly reduced by the marine sponge extracts.