• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2005

The surface sediments inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors, major harbors of Jeju Island, were collected three times (June, September and December, 2001) and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by US-EPA as priority pollutants to assess their distribution levels and their biological effects on the marine organisms, and to suggest their possible origins. The concentrations of total PAHs inside Songsanpo and Seogwipo Harbors ranged from 41 to 288 ng/g on a dry weight basis with a mean value of 121 ng/g and from 14 to 268 ng/g with a mean value of 119 ng/g, respectively, and the levels were low as compared with those in other areas of the world. The sedimentary PAHs may be correlated with organic carbon and mud content to some extent. Based on comparisons of individual and total concentrations with effects-based sediment quality guidelines, the potential for the biological effects on the marine organisms were expected to be very low. From the examinations of the four PAH origin indices, such as LMW /HMW (low molecular weight 2-3 ring PAHs over high molecular weight 4-6 ring PAHs), phenanthrene/anthracene ratio, fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene ratio, it can be concluded that the sediment PAH contaminations were ascribed to both of pyrolytic and petrogenic origins.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.85-88
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• 2003

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRT AP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of PARs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PARs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PARs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 ${\mu}g$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PARs(PARcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a, h)anthracene and Indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 ${\mu}g$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had several pathway each by-products. In the ocean dumping, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year. In recycle, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 98.36 kg/year and 428.87 kg/year. In the landfill, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 190.40 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. In the incineration, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emission were 33.10 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. (In case of incineration, the whole provisions of PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc contained to flowed in sludge was supposed to be exhausted to environment through exhaust after incineration.)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2016

Taxol (paclitaxel) is a powerful anti-cancer drug widely used against several types of malignant tumors. Because Taxol may exert several side effects, a variety of formulations have been developed. One of these features liposomes, regarded as one of the most promising drug carriers, biocompatible and best able to reduce drug toxicity without changing efficacy against tumor cells. Eruca sativa seed extract (SE) is considered a promising natural product from cruciferous vegetables against breast cancer, increasing chemotherapeutic and eliminating harmful side effects. The effects of Taxol-encapsulated liposomes (T) alone and in combination between Eruca sativa seed extract on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene expression levels were investigated in rat mammary gland carcinogenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz(${\alpha}$) anthracene (DMBA) using qRT-PCR. The results showed that DMBA increased NF-${\kappa}B$, COX-2 and Bcl-2 gene expression levels and lipid peroxidation (LP), while decreasing glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and total antioxidant concentration (TAC) compared to the control group. T and T-SE treatment reduced NF-${\kappa}B$, COX-2 and Bcl-2 gene expression levels and LP. Hence, T and T-SE treatment appeared to reduce inflammation and cell proliferation, while increasing apoptosis, GST and SOD activities and TAC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2973-2978
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• 2013

Maesil (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.), a member of the genus Rosaceae, has been reported to have antioxidative effects, as well as anticancer influence in many cancer lines. Thus, this present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of fermented Maesil with probiotics against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis via its antioxidative potential. Mice were fed a diet containing fermented Maesil, containing either 1% (1% FM fed group) or 2% (2% FM fed group) along with probiotics following DMBA and TPA exposure. Continuous ingestion of the experimental feed markedly inhibited skin carcinogenesis, as evidenced by a marked decrease in papilloma numbers and epidermal hyperplasia as well as cellular proliferation and the percentage of proliferating-cell nuclear antigen positive cells. Also, the FM fed group showed an increase of total antioxidant capacity as well as an increased level of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, concurrent with a decreased lipid peroxidation activity level. Taken together, these results suggest that fermented Maesil has the ability to suppress the development of DMBA-TPA induced skin carcinogenesis, via the reduction of lipid peroxidation, enhancing total antioxidant capacity and phase II detoxifying enzyme.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effect of taurine on the liver mitochondrial enzyme system with reference to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants, major tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and electron transport chain enzymes during 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Animals in which breast cancer had been induced by using DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) showed an increase in mitochondrial LPO together with decreases in enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E), in citric acid cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)), and in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. Results: Taurine (100 mg/kg body weight) treatment decreased liver mitochondrial LPO and augmented the activities/levels of enzymic, and non-enzymic antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and ETC complexes. Conclusion: The results of our present study demonstrated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of taurine treatment for DMBA-induced breast carcinomas.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

화학적 예방효과가 있는 식물성 에스트로젠은 다양한 환성을 나타내며 여러 세포 수용체와 상호작용한다. Genistein은 isoflavone의 주요물질 중의 하나로 콩류에 존재하며 대표적인 식물성 에스트로젠이다. 본 논문에서는 유방암 세포주인 MCF-7에서 aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)에 의해 매개되는 발암물질 활성화 경로에 대한 genistein의 영향을 살펴보았다. 세포에 genistein을 처리할 경우 cytochrome P450 1A1(CYP1A1) 약물대사효소의 특이적인 효소반응인 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) 활성도와 CYP1A1의 유전자 발현이 genistein의 농도 의존적으로 증가하였다. Genistein과 발암물질인 방향족탄화 수소 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene(DMBA)를 동시 처리하였을 경우 DMBA에 의해 유도되어 증가된 EROD활성도와 CYP1A1의 유전자 발현이 genistein에 의해 감소하였다. 랫트의 간에서 분리한 세포질을 이용하여 genistein과 AhR의 대표적인 ligand인 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin과 경쟁적 결합에 대한 영향을 조사한 결과 genistein이 AhR에 경쟁적으로 결합함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들은 genistein이 천연 AhR ligand임을 암시한다. 따라서, 식물성 에스트로젠인 genistein은 AhR경로의 길항제/항진제로 작용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2010

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.618-622
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• 2009

The new candidates for OTFTs, which were composed of naphthalene, anthracene, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene and 2-decylbithiophene end-capper were synthesized under Suzuki coupling reaction conditions. All of the oligomers were characterized by FT-IR, mass analysis, UV-vis, PL spectrum, cyclic voltametry (CV), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), $^1H-NMR\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$. Investigation of physical properties showed that all of the oligomers have higher oxidation potential and good thermal stability. Especially, DBT-DtB-DBT is soluble in common solvents and suitable for low cost processing technologies.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.592-607
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• 1999

2-(1-Aryl-1-hydroxymethyl)-and 2-aroyl-DHAQ derivatives (DHAQ, 1,4-dihydroxy-,10-anthraquinone), and 2-(1-aryl-1-hydroxymethyl)-ATO derivatives (ATO, anthraceneactivity (T/C 125~128%), though their cytotoxicity was not further improved compared to that of 2-(1-aryl-1-dydroxymethyl)-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones. They manifested no correlation between the cytotoxicity and the antitumor activity. In case of 2-[1-hydroxy-1-(4-propylphenyl)-methyl]-ATO, the most bioactive one in viv-1,4,9,10-tetraone) were synthesized and their antitumor activities were determined. 2-(1-Aryl-1-hydroxymethyl)-DHAQ derivatives showed a stronger cytotoxicity compared to the series of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone derivatives. It was suggested that the presence of aryl group at the side chain accelerated the bioreductive activation leading to cell death. 2-Aroyl-DHAQ derivatives, despite their higher electrophilicity, revealed smaller cytotoxicity and antitumor activity (expressed by T/C value) than 2-(1-aryl-1-hydroxymethyl)-DHAQ derivatives. Thus, no consistent relationship between the electronic effect on aromatic side chain and the cytotoxicity was observed. ATO series exhibited a higher antitumor o among the same series, it showed an $ED_{50}$ value of 10.2 mg/mL and a T/C value of 218%. It is assumed that the anthrancene1,4,9,10-tetraones after uptake into cellular tissues might be transformed to a cytotoxic metabolite(s).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.1167-1171
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• 2003

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRTAP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographicmass spectrometric (GCMS) determination of PAHs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PAHs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PAHs(PAHcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)f1uoranthene, Benzo(k)f1uoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and Indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PAHs and $\Sigma$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had emitted to environment by several pathway. The highest amount of emission to the environment was remarked in the ocean dumping(PAHs and $\Sigma$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year, respectively).