• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.885-888
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• 2000

Electroantennogram(EAG) can be applied to detect odorants since insects have highly specialized olfactory receptors inside their antennae. The characteristics of EAG parameters were investigated for the quantitative measurement of a general odorant using ammonia as a model odorant. The antennae of male silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, were used for the EAG. The electical signal curves generated from a pair of antennae originating from the same silkworm moth were never identical; however, they exhibited a typical type I or type II characteristic curve pattern for every pair of antennae. The correlation between the EAG parameters and the ammonia concentration was analyzed for the type I and type II antennae. The stability of each parameter was also investigated for each type of antenna. The results show the possibility of the quantitative measurement of general odorants using the EAG technique.

• Entomological Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.466-479
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• 2018

Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is the main pest of mungbean (Vigna radiata) especially during seed storage. To provide background information for chemical ecology studies, we examined the externalmorphology of the antennal, maxillary palp and labial palp sensilla of this insect with scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of adult C. chinensis exhibited sexual dimorphism. The female have serrated antenna and the male have pectinate morphology. Eight sensillum types have been observed on the antennae of both sexes: $B\ddot{o}hm$ bristles, sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconicum, sensilla coeloconica, sensillum campaniformia, sensilla cavity. There are no differences on the morphology of maxillary palp and labial palp between female and male. Four different types of sensilla are present on the labial and maxillary palps of both sexes of C. chinensis: sensilla chaetica, sensilla twig basiconica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla digitiformia.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2016

Given the unpredictability of the space environment, satellite communications are manually performed by exchanging telecommands and telemetry. Ground support for orbiting satellites is given only during limited periods of ground antenna visibility, which can result in conflicts when multiple satellites are present. This problem can be regarded as a scheduling problem of allocating antenna support (task) to limited visibility (resource). To mitigate unforeseen errors and costs associated with manual scheduling and mission planning, we propose a novel method based on a genetic algorithm to solve the ground support problem of multiple satellites and antennae with visibility conflicts. Numerous scheduling parameters, including user priority, emergency, profit, contact interval, support time, remaining resource, are considered to provide maximum benefit to users and real applications. The modeling and formulae are developed in accordance with the characteristics of satellite communication. To validate the proposed algorithm, 20 satellites and 3 ground antennae in the Korean peninsula are assumed and modeled using the satellite tool kit (STK). The proposed algorithm is applied to two operation modes: (i) telemetry, tracking, and command and (ii) payload. The results of the present study show near-optimal scheduling in both operation modes and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm to actual mission control systems.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2007

The antennae of millipedes have a prominent function in detecting various types of environmental stimuli. The structural modification of the antennae is closely associated with the degree of sense recognition. Here we study functional morphology of the antennae of the millipede Cawjeekelia pyongana using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The antennae generally include eight segments, called articles. On the surface of the antennae, there are a variety of sensory receptors which include olfactory and mechanical receptors. We could identify four different types of antennal sensory organs in C. pyongana as follows: apical cone (Ac), trichoid sensilla (Ts), chaetiform sensilla (Cs) and basiconic sensilla (Bs). The most prominent of which is four APs at the 8th article. Both of the Is and the Cs are abundantly observed almost all of the antennal segments. They are long and strong bristles with longitudinal grooves acuminating toward the tip. The Bs is further divided into three subtypes: large basiconic sensilla $(Bs_1)$, small basiconic sensilla $(Bs_2)$ and spiniform basiconic sensilla $(Bs_3)$. The $Bs_1$ is located at the 5th and 6th articles, while the $Bs_2$ and $Bs_3$ can be seen at the 5th and at the 7th article, respectively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.150-152
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• 2000

The investigation of electroantennogram (EAG) using insect antennad has been primarily focused on the measurement of insect pheromone. Insect has highly specialized olfactroy receptors inside their antennae. In this paper, EAG was applied to detect general oborants and the feasibility of this system for the olfactroy biosensor was investigated. Electroantennogram measurement was carried out using the antennae of male silkworm moth, bombyx mori, and ammonia gas as the model odorant. EAG parametres including peak ampiltude increased linearly with the ammonia concentration and the reproducible electrical signals were generated at least for 2 hrs after the antenna was cut off from the sulkworm moth.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 1991

Nauplii and cyprid la%ae were cultured in the laboratory at a temperature of 25'c of 33 parts per thousand. La%al development includes the six nauplius and a cyprn'dstages. Morphological characteristics such as antennules, antennae and mandibles as well as the general pattern of the thoracican Cirripedia are described and illustrated. All the nauplius larvae have trilobed labra which are typical in balanoides, with numerous slender hairs. It is possible to compare the setation of larva of Balanus kondakoui with those of B. albicostatus, B. amphitrr'te, 9. trigonus, B. uariegatus, and Chthamafus rhallengerl' by plotting of numerical setation of the antennae against the mandibles.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.63-75
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• 2023

The antenna radiation pattern was simulated by arranging the mounted antennae of the transport drone in 5 locations where radio interference was expected to be low, and they could be mounted. Depending on the mounting location, the probability that the link margin was less than 0 dB was (5.41 - 26.92) %. When two antennae were mounted and one was selected, the probability was (0.11 - 3.3) %. Among the arrangements, placing one antenna in the upper part of the front and one in the lower part of the rear showed the lowest link fail probability. In this case, it was analyzed that if the attitude roll and pitch of the aircraft were limited, link fail would not occur at an operating distance of 12 km or less. An antenna selection formula for this case was derived, and a method of reducing frequent alternation of antennae was applied to maintain a stable link.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 1989

In order to determine the relationships between the lea(-burning disease and the light harvesting chlorophyll-protein (LHCP) complex in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, we investigated the chlorophyll-protein (CP) complex of the thylakoid membrane and its characteristics. In P. ginseng four Cp-complex bands determined by non-denaturing SDS-PAGE were identified CP I'(containing reaction center of photosystem I and LHCP I antennae), CP I (reaction center of photosystem I) LHCP II** (oligoform of LHCP II), and LHCP II (photosystem II antennae, CP 26 and CP 29) by Bassis and Dunahay's procedures. Under our experimental condition, the CP I band was only observed in P. ginseng and the band intensity of LHCP II** in P ginseng was higher than in spinach and soybean. There were differences in the absorption and fluorescence spectra and chlorophyll a/b ratio of the CP-complex bands between P. ginseng and other Plants. The Polypeptidr content of P. ginseng thylakoid was lower than in spinach and soybean thylakoid, and the Polypeptide profiles of P. ginseng was low band intensity, especially about 29-35 kD, 55 kD, and 60 kD, compared to spinach and soybean. The inhibitory effects of 2,5-dimethylfuran, specific singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$) quencher, showed that singlet oxygen destroyed 60% of chl.a, 90% of chl.b and 70% of carotenoid in bleaching P. ginseng with leaf-burning disease.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

External morphological characteristics of male and female of Degeeria separata, which was endoparasited in adult of the Asian ladybird, were studied by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antenna of Degeeria separata was consisted of three segment and arista. Aristae were about $750{\mu}m$ length and $30{\mu}m$ in diameter. The surface of antennae was covered with many sensilla. They were long or short, slender or thick, and straight or curved. Each three morphological types of sensilla were observed on the second and third segment of antennae. The mouthpart was sponging type. It was consisted with clypeus, labellum, labium, labrum, and maxillary palp. The labellum is $400{\mu}m$ width and double folded vertically. The leg consist of tarsus, tarsus claw, pulvilli, and empodium.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.3 s.144
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

A solitary endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae, parasitizes diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella. It has been suggested that its antennae are a major sensory organ to search host and recognize host developmental and other physiological condition during parasitization. This research was performed to understand the parasitic behavior of C. plutellae by analyzing sensory types and their numbers on the antennae using scanning electron microscope. There was no significant difference in antennal length in both male and female C. plutellae, in which both sexes had 16 flagellomeres. Three different types of sensilla (trichoid, seta, and placodea sensilla) were located mostly on flagella and analyzed in their density on the different antennomeres. Trichoid sensillum was the major sensory type and showed about 87% density among all sensilla. Both trichoid and placodea types of sensilla exhibited even numbers on all flagellomeres with some decrease at terminal segments. In contrast, seta form of sensilla showed drastic increase in its density at distal part after 9th flagellomere. When distal half of flagellomeres were cut off, the C. plutellae could not parasitize host larvae. Even when only four distal flagellomeres were removed, the parasitism showed only 30%. These results indicate that C. plutellae antennae are required for parasitism and suggest that seta form of sensilla may play significant roles in recognizing host for parasitization.