• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify the runoff characteristics of non-point source according to rainfall in Nam watershed. Land-uses of the Nam watershed were surveyed paddy field 4.5%, crop field 6.8%, mountainous 78.7%, urban 2.4%, and etc. 7.7%. Mean runoff coefficients in each area were observed Ⅰ area 0.08, Ⅱ area 0.08, and Ⅲ area 0.05. In the relationship between the rainfall and peak-flow, correlation coefficients(r) were investigated Ⅰ area -0.8609, Ⅱ area 0.6035, and Ⅲ area -0.4913. In the relationship between the antecedent dry period and first flow runoff, correlation coefficients(r) were investigated Ⅰ area -0.9093, Ⅱ area -0.1039, and Ⅲ area -0.7317. The discharge of pollutant concentrations relates to the flow rate of storm-water. In the relationship between the rainfall and watershed loading, exponent values of BOD, COD, SS, and T-N were estimated to 1.2751, 1.2003, 1.3744, and 1.1262, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.553-560
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• 2014

The rainfall-runoff characteristics in Jeju Island significantly differ from those in inland, due to highly permeable geologic features driven by volcanic island. Streams are usually sustained in the dry conditions and thereby the rainfall-runoff characteristics changes in terms of initiating stream discharge and its types, depending highly on the antecedent precipitation. Among various the rainfall-runoff characteristics, lag time mainly used for flood warning system in river and direct runoff ratio for determining water budget to estimate groundwater recharge quantity are practically crucial. They are expected to vary accordingly with the given antecedent precipitation. This study assessed the lag time in the measured hydrograph and direct runoff ratio, which are especially in the upstream watershed having the outlet as $2^{nd}$ Dongsan bridge of Han stream, Jeju, based upon several typhoon events such as Khanun, Bolaven, Tembin, Sanba as well as a specific heavy rainfall event in August 23, 2012. As results, considering that the lag time changed a bit over the rainfall events, the averaged lag time without antecedent precipitation was around 1.5 hour, but it became increased with antecedent precipitation. Though the direct run-off ratio showed similar percentages (i.e., 23%)without antecedent precipitation, it was substantially increased up to around 45% when antecedent precipitation existed. In addition, the direct run-off ration without antecedent precipitation was also very high (43.8%), especially when there was extremely heavy rainfall event in the more than five hundreds return period such as typhoon Sanba.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify the runoff characteristics of non-point source according to rainfall in Dalseo and Daemyung watershed. Land-uses of the Dalseo and Daemyung watershed were surveyed to urban $72.1\%$ and mountainous $6.7\%$, and urban $49.3\%$ and mountainous $20.5\%$, respectively Mean runoff coefficients in each area were estimated to Dalseo watershed 0.49 and Daemyung watershed 0.16. In the relationship between the rainfall and peak-flow correlation coefficients(r) were determined to Dalseo watershed 0.9060 and Daemyung watershed 0.5620. In the relationship between the antecedent dry period and flrst flow runoff correlation coefficients(r) were determined to Dalseo watershed 0.7217 and Daemyung watershed 0.2464. In the relationship between the rainfall and watershed loading, exponent values of SS in Dalseo and Daemyung watershed were estimated to 0.54 and 0.496, respectively.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2004

Litter wastes on highway runoff are gradually being considered one of the major pollutants of concern in protecting the integrity of receiving waters for beneficial use. The California State Water Resources Control Board has identified in their 303(d) list at least 36 water bodies where trash or litter is considered a pollutant of concern. The first TMDL adopted by the Region 4 (Los Angeles area) of the California State Water Quality Control Board was for trash in the Los Angeles River. The first flush characteristic study was developed to obtain first flush water quality and litter data from representative stormwater runoff from standard highway drainage outfalls in the Los Angeles area. Total captured gross pollutants in stormwater runoff were monitored at six Southern California highway sites over two years. The gross pollutants were 90% vegetation and 10% litter. Approximately 50% of the litter was composed of biodegradable materials. The event mean concentrations show an increasing trend with antecedent dry days and a decreasing trend with total runoff volume or total rainfall. Event mean concentrations were ranged 0.0021 to 0.259g/L for wet gross pollutants and 0.0001 to 0.027g/L for wet litters. The first flush phenomenon was evaluated and the impacts of various parameters such as rainfall intensity, drainage area, peak flow rate, and antecedent dry period on litter volume and loading rates were evaluated. First flush phenomenon was generally observed for litter concentrations, but was not apparent with litter mass loading rates. Litter volume and loading rates appear to be directly related to peak storm intensity, antecedent dry days and total flow volume.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2008

급격한 도시화에 따른 불투수 면적과 인구의 증가로 인하여 많은 양의 오염물이 배출되고 있고, 이로 인하여 지역 하천의 수질이 심각한 위협을 받고 있다. 특히 강우시 지표면의 쌓인 다량의 오염물질은 오수관으로 유입된 후 월류되어 하천으로 유입되기 때문에 이에 대한 연구와 관리시스템의 마련이 시급하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 청주시를 대상으로 도시배수구역의 유출특성을 분석하고 이에 영향을 미치는 인자를 추출 및 분석할 수 있는 통계적 분석방법을 제시 것에 목적이 있다. 선행된 연구를 참고하여 강우강도, 선행건기일수, 강우량과 5개의 수질분석항목(CODcr, BOD, SS, TN, TP)과의 관계를 통계적인 방법으로 분석하였으며, 강우시 도시유출특성을 지배하는 인자에 대한 규명을 시도하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2019

Climate change has significantly affected the rainfall characteristics which can influence the pollutant build-up and wash-off patterns from the catchment. Therefore, this study explored the influence of varying rainfall characteristics on urban and agricultural runoff pollutant export using statistical approaches. For this purpose, Mann-Kendall and Pettitt's test were applied to detect the trend and breakpoint in rainfall characteristics time series. In addition, double mass curve and correlation analysis were used to drive the relationship between rainfall-runoff and pollutant exports from both catchments. The results indicate a significant decreased in total rainfall and average rainfall intensity, while a significant increased trend for antecedents dry days and total storm duration over the study periods. The breakpoint was determined to be 2013 which shows remarkable trend shifts for total rainfall, average rainfall intensity and antecedents dry days except total duration. Double mass curve exhibited a straight line with significant rainfall-runoff relationship indicates a climate change effect on both sites. Overall, higher pollutant exports were observed at both sites during the baseline period as compared to change periods. In agricultural site, most of the pollutants exhibited significant (p< 0.05) association with total rainfall, average rainfall intensity and total storm duration. In contrast, pollutants from urban site significantly correlated with antecedent dry days and average rainfall intensity. Thus, total rainfall, average rainfall intensity and total duration were the significant factors for the agricultural catchment while, antecedents dry days and average rainfall intensity were key factors in build-up and wash-off from the urban catchment.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2012

강우에 수반된 급경사지의 붕괴는 지반에 수분이 침투하여 평형상태에서 중력방향으로 지반이 이동하는 현상으로 지형과 지질 등에 의한 내적 요소와 강우, 지진 등에 의한 외적요인에 따라 붕괴의 정도가 달라진다. 암종에 따른 수분의 침투특성을 파악하기 위해 백악기말 고철질화강암이 분포하는 부산 금정산 지역과 퇴적암이 분포하는 지역 중 단양지역(사암), 진주지역(셰일), 포항지역(이암-미고결퇴적암) 등 4개 지역을 시범지역으로 선정하여 전기비저항 모니터링탐사를 실시하였다. 탐사기간은 우기가 시작되는 6월부터 하절기를 지나 건기에 해당하는 11월까지 수행하였다. 모니터링 결과 금정 지역과 진주 지역은 표준 강우량 산정 시 우기 동안의 선행강우량의 영향은 6월에서 10월까지의 전체 강우를 대상으로 산정할 필요성이 있고 반감기의 산정 시 이에 대한 고려가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 저비저항 이상대의 수직적인 분포는 수분의 침투가 지표에서 하부 지반으로 균일하게 발생하는 것이 아니라 풍화대의 균열이나 토층의 이완된 간극을 따라 발생하고 있다. 포항지역 미고결퇴적암은 수분의 침투 형태가 화강암 및 쇄설퇴적암과는 상이하며, 강우 이후 하부지반으로 침투되는 속도가 빠르고 하부의 암반대수층으로 함양되는 기간이 짧아 현재 사용되는 표준강우량 산정 시 적용하는 선행강우량의 영향기간과 유사한 시간을 보인다. 지반의 함수 정도에 의해 단양의 쇄설성 퇴적암 분포지의 하부 지반에서 관찰되는 저비저항 이상대의 유지 기간은 포항지역과 유사하며, 집중호우 시측방으로 수분이 확산되는 정도는 진주의 쇄설성 퇴적암과 같은 형태를 보인다. 이상의 분석결과에서 단양 지역은 선행 강우량이 미치는 기간이 3주 정도로 추정된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.463-471
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• 2014

This paper considers the effect of rainfall on non-point source (NPS) pollutant loads. The impact of runoff on the occurrence of NPS pollutants was found to be influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, and the number of antecedent dry days (ADD), both independently and in combination. The close correlation ($R^2$ = 0.9920) between rainfall and runoff amounts was demonstrated at the study site (a flower farm) over the period between January 2011 and December 2013. The relationships among pollutant levels, runoff, and rainfall was not satisfactory results except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand ($BOD_5$). The correlation coefficients between $BOD_5$, and both runoff and rainfall, were greater than 0.92. However, the relationships of other pollutants, such as Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand ($COD_{Mn}$), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP), with runoff and rainfall had correlation coefficients of less than 0.70. The roles of rainfall was different from rainfall categories on the occurrence of runoff. Instantaneous rainfall intensity was a principle factor on the occurrence of runoff following light rainfall events (total ${\leq}30mm$). For rainfall of intermediate intensity (total precipitation 31-50 mm), the combined effect of both average rainfall intensity and ADD was found to influence runoff generation. We conclude that the control of NPS pollutants with the reflection of the climate change that makes the remarkable effect of amounts and forms on the rainfall and runoff.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2014

In this study, regression equation was analyzed to estimate non-point source (NPS) pollutant loads in orchard area. Many factors affecting the runoff of NPS pollutant as precipitation, storm duration time, antecedent dry weather period, total runoff density, average storm intensity and average runoff intensity were used as independent variables, NPS pollutant was used as a dependent variable to estimate multiple regression equation. Based on the real measurement data from 2008 to 2012, we performed correlation analysis among the environmental variables related to the rainfall NPS pollutant runoff. Significance test was confirmed that T-P ($R^2=0.89$) and BOD ($R^2=0.79$) showed the highest similarity with the estimated regression equations according to the NPS pollutant followed by SS and T-N with good similarity ($R^2$ >0.5). In the case of regression equation to estimate the NPS pollutant loads, regression equations of multiplied independent variables by exponential function and the logarithmic function model represented optimum with the experimented value.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.977-986
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• 2011

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff in the orchard areas and quantitatively estimated effluence of nonpoint source pollutants for the volume of runoff. Two target areas under vine cultivation were each $2,000m^2$ and $1,800m^2$, located in Gyeongju City. Since grape was the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater runoff at vineyard could be evaluated independently. A total of 51 rainfall events in the vineyard area during two years(2008-2009) was surveyed, and 19 of them became stormwater runoff, with rainfall ranging 16.5 - 79.7 mm and antecedent dry period of 1-13 days. The pollutant runoff loads by volume of stormwater runoff showed BOD ranging 19.5 - 45.3% in 30% of runoff volume. The average pollution discharge rate was 32.4%, indicating small first flush effect of BOD. The range of SS concentrations was 5 - 52.0% in 10% of runoff volume, showing the average 28.7% of discharge rate, about 3 times more than rainfall effluent. TOC and TN appeared to be similar to the results of BOD, the average discharge rate of 30.9% and 30.6% for TOC and TN, respectively, for 30% of stormwater runoff volume. Average discharge rate of COD and TP in the same runoff volume was 35.1% and 36%, respectively, showing comparatively high discharge ratio. As the targeted vineyard area was permeable land, the pollution load ratio against rainfall-runoff volume appeared to be 1:1, implying no strong first flush effect for all the survey items.