• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

The concentrations of Pb, Mn, Al and Na were measured from a total of 26 snow samples collected from a 1.5-m deep snow pit in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ore sampling location is great concern, because of its proximity to the southern extremity of south America, a candidate for the source regions of pollutant aerosols entering Antarctica. The mean concentrations of Pb and Mn were found to be 4.97 pg g(sup)-1 and 20.6 pgg(sup)-1, respectively. These concentrations levels are similar to those reported for recent snow at other Antarctic sites with pronounced spring maxima for both metals. Contributions form natural sources are estimated to be minor (∼16%) for Pb. For Mn, on the other hand, contribution from rock and soil dusts is found to be very important. Excess Pb over Pb from natural sources is likely to be anthropogenic, especially from South Americal. Our results show that yearly Pb fallout flux is much greater in Antarctic coastal areas than at other Antarctic locations far from the coast , indicating that the transport and deposition patterns of pollutant aerosols are not simple is Antarctica. It is also suggested that the recycling of anthropogenic Pb in seawater to the atmosphere could significantly contribute to the Pb fallout flux in the Antarctic coastal regions.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2006

We have cultured more than 100 Arctic and Antarctic cryophilic microalgal strains in KOPRI culture collections of polar microorganisms (KCCPM). Among them, we tried to identify an Antarctic strain, KOPRI AnM0008 by morphological and molecular analysis. Nuclear SSU rDNA and plastid rbcL sequences were used to identify the strain. It was identified as Porosira pseudodenticulata based on SSU sequence data showing 99% identity with GenBank X85398. This result was supported by morphological features like solitary labiate process, external foramina and internal cribra by optical and scanning electron microscope. Morphological identification and molecular analysis on polar cryophilic microalgae will be accomplished to construct the databases for KCCPM.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.579-585
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• 2012

The proximate compositions and fatty acid profiles of Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni that was caught in the southern Ross Sea (J, L) of the Antarctic Ocean were studied. The lipid contents of samples from J and L were 18.2 and 21.1%, respectively. The protein and ash contents were similar for samples J and L. The prominent fatty acids in the total lipids of the fish muscle were 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 16:0, 14:0, 18:1n-7, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). In addition, the total fatty acids of bycatch products in the toothfish stomachs (Pleuragramma antarcticum, Gerlachea australis, Pasiphaea sp., Trematomus eulepidotus, Chionodraco hamatus, Chionodraco myersi, and Neopagetopsis ionah) were determined. The prominent fatty acids in those species were 18:1n-9, 16:0, 14:0, DHA, EPA, and 18:1n-7.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2016

Background: In this article, it was analyzed how snow melting affects the assembly of lichen and moss communities in a small area of the coastal region of Barton Peninsula, which is in maritime Antarctic. In the small area, even though there is a huge gap of difference of the environment between the snow-filled area and snow-melt one, the latter did not have distinctive environmental gradients. Results: Depending on the snow melting time, coverage and species diversity of lichens and mosses tend to increase remarkably. For species with significant changes depending on the snow-covered period, there are Andreaea regularis, crustose lichens, Placopsis contortuplicata, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and snow algae. In this area, the process of vegetation assembly process has shown the directional development in the order of snow algae${\rightarrow}$crustose, lichen sub-formation${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, moss cushion sub-formation (Andreaea sociation)${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, and moss cushion sub-formation (Usnea sociation), according to the order of snow melting. These directional development stages are shown in gradual change in small area with the snow melting phenomena. However, in the snow-free area, where water is sufficiently supplied, it is expected that moss carpet sub-formation (Sanionia sociation) will be developed. Vegetation development in the small area with the snow melting phenomena, depending on differences of resistance on snow kill and moisture settled by species in according to the time of snow melting, tolerance model to form community is followed. Conclusions: The research results explain the development of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra and its spatial distribution according to the period for growth of lichens and mosses in the summer time by differences of snow melting in the small area. In the future, if research for the community development process in a large scale will be done, it will be helpful to figure out temporal and spatial dynamic of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra where snow and glaciers melt rapidly due to climatic warming.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2007

Atmospheric levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the King Sejong station were monitored for one year using passive air samplers. Low-chlorinated PCB homologues were predominant in all samples. PCB levels were observed to decrease with distance from the station, which may indicate that a significant part of PCBs could be of local origin. Although the level of PCBs at the King Sejong station is very low (${\Sigma}_9PCB$ (18, 52, 101, 118, 128, 138, 153, 180, 187): $2.3\;pg\;m^{-3}$) probably due to decrease in the global PCB emissions, it is one order of magnitude higher than a background level in the Antarctic. Based on this preliminary study, more interpretation on PCB data and meteorological conditions is required.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.453-463
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• 2004

The Antarctic Peninsula is important in terms of global warming research due to pronounced increase of air temperature over the last century. The first eddy covariance system was established at King Sejong Station located in the northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula in December of 2002 and has been operated over one year. Here, we analyze turbulent characteristics to determine quality control criteria for turbulent sensible heat flux data as well as to diagnose the possibility of long term eddy covariance measurement under extreme weather conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula. We also report the preliminary result on sensible heat flux. Based on the analyses on turbulent characteristics such as integral turbulence characteristics of vertical velocity (w) and heat (T), stationarity test and investigation of correlation coefficient, they fallow the Monin-Obukhov similarity and eddy covariance flux data were reliable. ${\sim}47%$ of total retrieved sensible heat flux data could be used for further analysis. Daytime averaged sensible heat flux showed a pronounced seasonal variation, with a maximum of up to $300Wm^{-2}$ in summer. In conclusion, continuous and long-term eddy covariance measurement may be possible at the study site and the land surface may influence the atmosphere significantly through heat transport in summer.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.364-374
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• 2008

Antarctic Environmental Monitoring Handbook' was published by COMNAP/SCAR in 2000. The standardized method described in this handbook is recommended for monitoring of antarctic environment. High pressure bomb technique in this guide was used to decompose soil samples. In compliance with this guide book, high pressure bomb technique was applied to decompose the antarctic soil sampled at the King Sejong Station. An Isotope Dilution-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) was applied to determine mass concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn in the soil. The accuracy in this method was verified by the analysis of certified reference materials (CRM) of NIST 2702 (marine sediment). The analytical results agreed with certified value within the range from 99.5~100.8%. Matrix separation was necessitated for the determination of Cu and Zn by Chelex 100 ion exchange resin. As a result, the average mass concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn which are suspected to be caused by anthropogenic pollution were 332.9 mg/kg, 95.6 mg/kg and 115.3 mg/kg, respectively. Those for the metals sampled in the soils of the remote regions from the station were 28.1 mg/kg, 101.8 mg/kg and 115.6 mg/kg, respectively.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1999

Total lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba collected from the water of King George Island, Antarctica during austral summer of 1997-1998, were investigated. The overall lipid content of 5. superba was 72 mg/g dry mass similar to the reported values for most temperate species. The neutral lipid of E. superba was 29% of the total lipid and that of phospholipid was 71%. The majority of neutral lipid was triacylglycerols(31.6% of neutral lipids) while phosphatidyl choline (44% of phospholipid) was the most abundunt in phospholipids. The quantitative composition of the fatty acid in E. superba show consisting mostly of the saturated 16:0 (16.6% -22.1%), along with the polyunsaturated 20:5(n-3) (20.6% -22.1%) and 22:6(n-3) (14.9% -16.9%) acids.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.407-418
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• 2008

Seawater samples were collected at discrete depths from five stations across the polar front in the Drake Passage (Antarctic Ocean) by the $20^{th}$ Korea Antarctic Research Program in December, 2006. Nitrate concentrations of seawater increase with depth within the photic zone above the depth of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW). In contrast, ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of seawater nitrate decrease with depth, showing a mirror image to the nitrate variation. Such a distinct vertical variation is mainly attributed to the degree of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton as well as organic matter degradation of sinking particles within the surface layer. The preferential $^{14}{NO_3}^-$ assimilation by the phytoplankton causes $^{15}{NO_3}^-$ concentration to become high in a closedsystem surface-water environment during the primary production, whereas more $^{14}{NO_3}^-$ is added to the seawater during the degradation of sinking organic particles. The water-mass mixing seems to play an important role in the alteration of ${\delta}^{15}N$ values in the deep layer below the UCDW. Across the polar front, nitrate concentrations of surface seawater decrease and corresponding ${\delta}^{15}N$ values increase northward, which is likely due to the degree of nitrate utilization during the primary production. Based on the Rayleigh model, the calculated ${\varepsilon}$ (isotope effect of nitrate uptake) values between 4.0%o and 5.8%o were validated by the previously reported data, although the preformed ${\delta}^{15}{{NO_3}^-}_{initial}$ value of UCDW is important in the calculation of ${\varepsilon}$ values.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2024

This study explores the use of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE), to monitor changes in the areas of Antarctic ice shelves. Focusing on the Campbell Glacier Tongue (CGT) and Drygalski Ice Tongue (DIT),the research utilizes GEE's cloud computing capabilities to handle and analyze large datasets. The study employs Otsu's method for image binarization to distinguish ice shelves from the ocean and mitigates detection errors by averaging monthly images and extracting main regions. Results indicate that the CGT area decreased by approximately 26% from January 2016 to January 2024, primarily due to calving events,while DIT showed a slight increase overall,with notable reduction in recent years. Validation against Sentinel-2 optical images demonstrates high accuracy,underscoring the effectiveness of SAR and GEE for continuous, long-term monitoring of Antarctic ice shelves.