• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1732-1736
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• 2008

The endogenous dipeptides, carnosine and related compounds, are the naturally occurring dipeptides with multiple neuroprotective properties. We have examined the protective effects of carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine on the aggregation of neurofilament-L (NF-L) induced by neurotoxin, acrolein. When NF-L was incubated with acrolein in the presence of carnosine, homocarnosine or anserine, protein aggregation was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds inhibited the formation of protein carbonyl compounds and dityrosine in acrolein-mediated NF-L aggregates. The aggregates of NF-L displayed thioflavin T reactivity, reminiscent of amyloid. This thioflavin T reactivity was inhibited by carnosine and related compounds. This effect was associated with decreased formation of oxidatively modified proteins. Our results suggested that carnosine and related compounds might have protective effects to brain proteins under pathophysiological conditions leading to degenerative damage such as neurodegenerative disorders.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2007

Neurofilament-L (NF-L) is a major element of the neuronal cytoskeleton and is essential for neuronal survival. Moreover, abnormalities in NF-L result in neurodegenerative disorders. Carnosine and the related endogeneous histidine dipeptides prevent protein modifications such as oxidation and glycation. In the present study, we investigated whether histidine dipeptides, carnosine, homocarnosine, or anserine protect NF-L against oxidative modification during reaction between cytochrome c and $H_2O_2$. Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine all prevented cytochrome c/$H_2O_2$-mediated NF-L aggregation. In addition, these compounds also effectively inhibited the formation of dityrosine, and this inhibition was found to be associated with the reduced formations of oxidatively modified proteins. Our results suggest that carnosine and histidine dipeptides have antioxidant effects on brain proteins under pathophysiological conditions leading to degenerative damage, such as, those caused by neurodegenerative disorders.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.731-734
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• 2012

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1817-1823
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• 2020

Objective: The increasing consumer awareness of food, which can provide health benefits and potentially aid disease prevention, has become the driving force of the functional food market. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chicken genotype on the macronutrient content, bioactive peptide content, and antioxidant capacity within different breast meat. Methods: In this experiment, three genotypes of chicken, Thai indigenous, black-boned, and broiler (control), were reared with commercial feed under the same conditions. Thirty chickens were slaughtered at typical market age and the breasts were separated from the carcass to determine macronutrient content using the AOAC method. The antioxidant capacities of the chicken breasts were evaluated by in vitro antioxidant assays and the protein pattern was investigated using gel electrophoresis. Carnosine and anserine, which have antioxidant properties in animal tissue, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results showed that breast meat from Thai indigenous chickens had a greater macronutrient content and higher antioxidant capacity compared with the other genotypes (p<0.05). The protein pattern was similar between genotypes, however Thai indigenous chickens had the greatest myosin and actin content (p<0.05). In addition, carnosine and anserine values were greatest in the black-boned and Thai indigenous chickens compared with the broiler genotype (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thai indigenous chicken breast meat may be classified as a functional food as it has good nutritional value and is rich in antioxidant peptides.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.478-488
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• 1999

The contents of histidine dipeptides, a metabolic products of muscle protein, were investigated to compare muscle composition among the 9 domestic animals including cattle. In major domestic animals, analyzed the effects of age, part and sex of the animals on their muscle composition. Large amounts of carnosine($68.63{\pm}17.41{\mu}mol/g$) were detected in cattle and it was higher than other animals. Whereas the content of anserine showed high level in order of turkey, chickens and duck. The ratio of carnosine and anserine(C/A ratio) was different depending on the animal species. Statistical data indicated that difference among species was significant(p < 0.05). The contents of histidine dipeptides in heated muscle by boiling for 40 minutes at $110^{\circ}C$ was similar to thoes of raw muscle. C/A ratio in heated muscle was not different from that of raw muscle, indicating that no change has been made after heating process. The contents of carnosine and anserine were different according to the parts of their muscle. Especially chuck of the mammalian showed extremely low level of histidine dipeptides compared with other parts, while C/A ratio maintained certain level regardless of age, part, sex. Therefore, based on the content of histidine dipeptides, could be found the difference of muscle composition among the species. Also C/A ratio of horse, pig, cattle, duck, sheep and turkey were characteristic respectively.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.617-626
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• 1996

참치 가공 부산물로부터 제조한 가수부내물의 질소 화합물의 경우 생시료에서는 3.91g%인 반면에, 가수분해물에서는 24.94g%로서 생시료에 비해 6.4배 이상의 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 생시료에서는 lysine이 889.13mg%로서 전체 아미노산 함량의 22.73%를 차지하였고, 그 외 taurine, 3-methylhistidine, anserine, alanine의 순으로 함량이 많았으나 가수분해물에서는 anserine이 3,041.12mg%로서 전체 함량의 12.19%를 차지하였고 그 외 histidine, leucine, hydroxyproline, arginine, phenylalanine, taurine의 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 지방산 분석결과에서는 두 시료 모두 포화지방산의 함량이 각각 55.14%와 49.28%로 높았다. 주요 지방산으로는 $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:1/}$, $C_{22:6}$가 주요 지방산으로서 전체 함량의 75% 정도를 차지하였으며 특히 가수분해물 중의 polyene산은 생시료에 비해 1.4배 높게 나타났다. 휘발성 향기성분을 분석한 결과 총 99종의 화합물이 동정되었는데 이중에서 생시료에서는 75종의 화합물이, 가수분해물에서는 72종의 화합물이 검출되었다. 그리고 이들은 주로 알데히드류(28종), 케톤류(20종), 알콜류(19종), 함질소화합물류(5종), 방향족화합물류(10종), 퓨란류(4종)와 기타 화합물류(12종)으로 구성되어 있었다. 특히 산화취성분인 알데히드류 및 방향족화합물은 생시료에 비하여 가수분해물에서는 상당량 감소된 반면, 고소한 향기성분인 heterocyclic 화합물이 상대적으로 증가하였다.다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.701-708
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• 1996

가다랑어 부산물의 식품소재로서의 활용성과 해산어 사료원으로서의 가치를 판단할 목적으로 자숙액, 자숙 혈합육, 해동 된 내장 및 자숙 두부를 시료로 택하여 일반성분, 총아미노산 및 유리아미노산 조성, 지방산 조성과 핵산관련물질의 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수분의 함량은 자숙액, 내장, 혈합육, 두부의 순으로 낮았으며, 단백질 함량은 혈합육이 $26.6\%$로서 가장 높았다. 그리고 조지방은 가다랭이 두부가 가장 높은 $8.5\%$였으며, 내장과 혈합육은 거의 비슷한 $6.1\%$와 $6.8\%$였다. 2. 자숙액의 총아미노산 중 비교적 많은 아미노산은 glycine, glutamic acid, alanine 그리 고 histidine으로 총아미노산의 $53\%$를 차지하였다. 그리고 혈합육, 내장 및 두부의 중요 아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine 그리고 leucine으로서 부위에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았다. 3. 자숙액, 혈합육, 내장 및 두부의 유리아미노산 양은 각각 543.7mg/100mL, 1429.7mg/100g, 5397.5mg/100g, 594.9 mg/100g이었다. 유리아미노산은 부위에 따라 조성이 상이한 것으로 나타났으며, 혈합육과 두부의 중요 아미노산은 taurine, histidine, anseriene 이었다. 한편 내장은 몇가지 아미노산을 제외하고는 비교적 고른 아미노산의 분포를 나타내었다. 특히 혈합육은 다른 시료에 비하여 비교적 많은 histidine, anserine 및 carnosine을 포함하고 있었다. 5. 혈합육, 내장 및 두부의 포화지방산은 $46.21\%,\;43.69\%,\;50.24\%$, 모노엔산은 $18.07\%,\;28.87\%,\;24.58\%$, 폴리엔산은 $35.74\%,\;27.80\%,\;25.14\%$였다. 혈합육의 총지 방산은 DHA, palmitic acid, stearic acid의 순으로 함유 비율이 높았으나, 내장과 두부는 palmitic acid, DHA, oleic acid의 순으로 함유 비율이 높았다. 6. 혈합육, 내장 및 두부에서 ATP는 검출되지 않았으며, inosine과 hypoxanthine의 양이 상대적으로 높았다. 특히 내장의 hypoxanthine의 양은 혈합육의 4배, 두부의 3배에 해당하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.441-446
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• 1987

가다랑어통조림 제조시 부산물로 얻어지는 가다랑어 자숙엑스분의 천연항산화성물질로서 효능을 검토하기 위하여 이의 지질산화억제효과 및 항산화성인자에 대하여 실험하였다. 가다랑어 자수엑스분의 아미노질소량은 15.3mg/100g 이었으며, methyl linoleate에 대해 뚜렷한 산화억제 작용을 나타내었고 가수분해 정도가 클수록 항산화력은 약간씩 저하하였다. 가다랑어엑스분을 증류수 중에서 투석시켰을때 투석내액은 상당한 항산화효과를 나타낸 반면, 투석내액은 거의 효과가 없었다. 가다랑어엑스분의 항산화성인자로서 anserine, carnosine, histidine 및 alanine 등가 같은 아미노산의 역할이 컸으며, AMP, hypoxanthine 등의 핵산관련물질도 항상화성에 보조적 역할을 하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.448-456
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• 2014

Studies on the flavour characteristics of meat-based broth, quantification of flavour-related and functional compounds, and factors affecting the availability of such compounds are minimal. The present study was designed to determine the effects of sex on flavor-related and functional compounds in freeze-dried broth (FDB) made from Korean native chickens (KNC). Male and female KNC from a commercial strain (Woorimatdag$^{TM}$) were reared under similar commercial conditions. FDB was separately prepared using male and female birds aged 100 d (six birds of each sex) and analyzed for nucleotide, free amino acid, betaine, carnitine, carnosine, anserine, and creatine contents, and fatty acid composition. The levels of betaine, carnitine and creatine in FDB were not significantly different between the two sexes (p>0.05) in KNC. Carnosine and anserine were not detected in FDB samples. However, FDB from female chickens had significantly higher inosine-5-monophosphate and arachidonic acid contents than did FDB from male chickens. FDB prepared with male KNC contained higher levels of inosine, linoleic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine, and serine (p<0.05). However, glutamic acid, oleic acid, and DHA were present in comparable amounts (p>0.05) in FDB made from male and female KNC. Our findings suggest that the sex of KNC has significant effect on the contents of flavor-related compounds, but not functional compounds.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2015

The aim of this research was to compare the bioactive compound content and quality traits of breast meat from male and female Korean native ducks (KND) and commercial ducks (CD, Cherry Valley). Meat from three 6-wk old birds of each sex from KND and CD were evaluated for carcass and breast weights, pH, color, cooking loss, shear force, and bioactive compound (creatine, carnosine, anserine, betaine, and L-carnitine) content. KND showed significantly higher carcass weights than CD whereas no such difference (p>0.05) was found between male and female ducks. The breed and sex had no significant effects on the breast weight, pH value, and shear force. However, KND had significantly lower cooking loss values than did CD. Creatine, anserine, and L-carnitine contents were significantly higher in KND than in CD and were predominant in female ducks compared to males. The results of this study provide rare information regarding the amounts and the determinants of several bioactive compounds in duck meat, which can be useful for selection and breeding programs, and for popularizing indigenous duck meat.