• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.261-275
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• 1994

The annual ring widths of tree and the vertical distribution of fine roots were investigated at 33 sites of pitch pine forests in Seoul, its vicinity and rural areas. The annual ring widths among 16 - 20 year-old pitch pines in urban areas were significantly lower than those in rural areas. The annual ring widths for the latest 5 years (1985-1989) for the age class of 11-20, 21-30 and 31-40 year old pines increased in the following order for all the age classes: urban areas< suburbs

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 1997

In fast grown softwood, there are very large changes in material properties going outward from the pith to bark such as anatomical, physical and mechanical characteristics. Some of variations in anatomical properties with annual ring were then examined from Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, and Chamaecyparis obtusa, which are major softwoods of plantation in Korea. The large variations of annual ring width during young age of tree tended to stabilize after 25year through the transitional period in 17~23year. The ring density was 1.5~2.4 in 1~10year period, and 3.5~6.3 in 30~35year period, in which juvenile and mature wood were certainly assumed to be formed, respectively. Variations of tracheid length showed functional relationships with annual rings as logarithm. Demarcation between juvenile wood and mature wood could be 16~19year, which was determined from increase rate of tracheid length of 0.2%. Cell wall thickness increased with increase of annual ring even though large variations were observed as well. Variations of cell wall thickness within species were pronounced in latewood than earlywood. The increase of cell wall thickness from juvenile wood to mature wood was predominant in Larix leptolepis as 2.0times, and least in Chamaecyparis obtusa as 1.1 times. Cell diameters showed trends of increase during young age of 1~15year, and consistent afterward. The variations of cell diameter between radial and tangential direction were greater in latewood, and most pronounced in Chamaecyparis obtusa.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2015

The purpose of the this study was to provide basic data on reasonable management for Abies koreana in Mt. Jiri through analysis the ecological characteristics of Abies koreana forests on Seseok. Due to low soil pH (4.26), high organic matter (10.5%) and total N (0.32%), the soil properties of A. koreana forest on Seseok are different from those of other forest soil in Korea. According to the result of importance value analysis, A. koreana (70.5) for tree layer, A. koreana (37.6) and Rhododendron schlippenbachii (20.8) for subtree layer and A. koreana (12.6), Sasa borealis (11.5) and Acer pseudosieboldianum (11.2) for shrub layer were high, respectively. The species diversity of Shannon was 0.425 for tree layer, 0.869 for subtree layer and 1.320 for shrub layer. Evenness and dominance for all layers ranged from 0.365 to 0.894 and 0.187 to 0.635, respectively. Height growth according to DBH of A. koreana on Seseok was relative high. Annual mean tree ring growth of A. koreana showed up 1.372, 1.557 and 1.483 mm/yr for small, middle and large diameter tree, respectively. Considering the importance value, distribution of seedling, height growth and ring growth, A. koreana forest on Seseok in Mt. Jiri will be maintained as the major population from now on.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.777-784
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• 2015

This study verified the correlations between vegetation factors, such as the number of individual species and species diversity, and soil factors in Chamaecyparis obtusa (CO) stands in Jeollanam-do. Also, the site environmental factors that affect the annual growth of CO ring width were analyzed. Positive correlations were found between the species diversity index and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), available phosphate, and exchangeable $K^+$ (P<0.01). In addition, strong positive correlations were also found between the number of species that appeared in the study site and CEC, available phosphorus, exchangeable $K^+$ and exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ (P<0.01). Tree ring growth showed strong correlations with the nutrient holding capacity and fertility of soil, including available phosphate, exchangeable $K^+$, CEC, and electrical conductivity (P<0.01). The explanatory variables of tree ring growth in CO were composed of exchangeable $K^+$, organic matter content, and soil pH. The regression model had a high level of explanatory power, 74.4%. In this model, the annual growth of CO ring width increased when exchangeable $K^+$ and organic matter content were higher but decreased when soil pH was lower. According to the analysis, it is found that the annual growth of CO ring width was significantly affected by soil fertility, including available phosphate, exchangeable $K^+$, CEC, and electrical conductivity. In addition, the soil fertility of CO stands seems to be significantly affected by the supply of fallen leaves from the understory vegetation of CO.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.484-491
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• 2020

In this study, to solve the existing inefficient stem analysis process and expensive equipment cost problems, a method for detecting and analyzing tree rings using smartphone images was proposed and a semi-automated computer program (TRIO, Tree Ring Information) was developed. TRIO can measure the annual ring radius and save the results to Excel. Since TRIO uses smartphone images, the results may vary depending on the quality of the smartphone camera. Therefore, using the Samsung Galaxy S10 and Tap 2, 30 dics images of Pinus rigida were acquired and analyzed, and these were compared with WinDENDROTM. As a result of the study, both Samsung Galaxy S10 and S2 showed significant results with WinDENDROTM, and the R2 value of S10 had a high correlation as 0.976, and RMSE was analyzed as 0.4199, and very similar results were output. The R2 value of S2 was 0.975 and the RMSE was 0.4232, showing no significant difference from S10. Accordingly, the TRIO developed in this study analyzed the annual radius value very similar to WinDENDROTM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2017

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between tree-ring growth of Pinus densiflora and climate factors based on national forest inventory(NFI) data. Annual tree-ring growth data of P. densiflora collected by the $5^{th}$ NFI were first organized to analyze yearly growth patterns of the species. Yearly growing degree days and standard precipitation index based on daily mean temperature and precipitation data from 1951 to 2010 were calculated. Using the information, yearly temperature effect index(TEI) and precipitation effect index(PEI) were estimated to analyze the effect of climate conditions on the tree-ring growth of the species. A tree-ring growth estimation equation appropriate for P. densiflora was then developed by using the TEI and PEI as independent variables. The tree-ring growth estimation equation was finally applied to the climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for predicting the changes in tree-ring growth of P. densiflora from 2011 to 2100. The results indicate that tree-ring growth of P. densiflora is predicted to be decreased over time when the tree-ring growth estimation equation is applied to the climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. It is predicted that the decrease of tree-ring growth over time is relatively small when RCP 4.5 is applied. On the other hand, the steep decrease of tree-ring growth was found in the application of RCP 8.5, especially after the year of 2050. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable information necessary for estimating local growth characteristics of P. densiflora and for predicting changes in tree-ring growth patterns caused by climates change.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.345-357
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• 2023

The present study conducted a stem analysis to trace growth information of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and predict the future changes in growth volume. For this purpose, six L. kaempferi trees over 47 years old were cut at 1-2 m intervals from a height of 0.2 m, and circular plates of 5 cm thickness were collected for stem analysis. The analysis indicated that approximately 1-8 years are required to grow up to chest height. The annual height and diameter growth increased rapidly until the trees are 15 years old and gradually decreased after 20 years. The volume of 30-year-old trees in Oegam-ri forests, which were well-managed after artificial reforestation, was 0.4837 m³, whereas that in unmanaged Singi-ri forests was 0.1956 m³. Although the volume of individual trees differed greatly depending on the forest management status, it was found that the volume increased by 1.67-1.76, 2.49, and 3.49 times at 40, 50, and 60 years age, respectively, compared to the legal harvesting age 30. Therefore, factors such as the carbon dioxide reduction effect, forest management benefits, and the condition of trees at the site should be considered before harvesting trees.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.289-299
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• 2024

The current study aimed to investigate the impact of CO₂ enrichment on the width of annual tree rings, earlywood and latewood, and the area of annual growth of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. grown in open-top chamber (OTC). To this end, two CO₂ enrichment cases were considered, namely 1.4 × increment (560 ppm in OTC-II) and 1.8 × (720 ppm in OTC-III) were compared with the current atmosphere (400 ppm in OTC-I). The CO₂ enrichment conditions for a period of 12 years (2010-2021) were considered, and all measurements were done through image analysis. The study showed that the increment in CO₂ concentrations positively affected the tree growth. The measurement data from the trees in OTC-III were considerably higher than those from OTC-I, whereas those from OTC-II were slightly higher than those from OTC-I. Decreasing patterns of the measured widths and area in 6-7 years after the beginning of CO₂ enrichment was found for all the OTCs. These patterns were possibly due to changes in the physiological features, such as aging. The findings of the present study can have potential uses as fundamental data for forest management considering CO₂ concentrations.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 1990

For the maximun yield of the forest trees in the forest management, the growth of annual ring area of the major forest trees was analysed in the four areas in South Korea. The time to the maximum productivity and the optimum cutting time for the maximum yield were estimated. The growth curve of annual ring area showed sigmoid like that of other organisms. Only the growth coefficient among the areas between Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Pinus koraiensis represented significance (5% level). The growth coefficient among forest trees between Pinus densiflora and Abies holophylla, Larix kaempferi and Carpinus laxiflora, Larix kaempferi and Quercus mongolica, Larix kaempferi and Quercus serrata, Larix kaempferi and Pinus koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi and Abies holophylla represented significance (5% level). Among eight forest trees, the time to maximum productivity (tm) of Larix kaempferi was the earliest (21.4 year), and Abies holophylla was the latest (91.9 year). The optimum cutting time for the maximum yield (tc) of L. kaempferi was the earliest (29.4 year) and that of A, holophylla was the latest (122.2 year) of all communities. The optimum cutting time for the maximum yield was 1.33 times as late as the time to the maximum productivity. If the growth of annual ring area as the forest tree for wood is regarded, L. kaempferi and P. densiflora are thought to be more economical than A. holophylla and P. koraiensis.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 2018

This study was carried out to provide basic information on efficient preservation and management of an Abies koreana forest through analyzing the ecological characteristics by slope in Seseok, Mt. Jirisan. Soil moisture content at southern and northern slopes was 29.9% and 21.7%, respectively, and there was no significant difference among soil properties between southern and northern slopes. The importance value of A. koreana in the southern and northern slopes was high for tree and subtree layers, respectively. It is noteworthy that many seedling and saplings of A. koreana were present on the southern slope. The species diversity was 0.413 for the tree layer, 0.632 for the subtree layer, and 0.609 for the shrub layer on the southern slope and 0.396 for the tree layer, 0.783 for the subtree layer, and 1.215 for the shrub layer on the northern slope. Evenness and dominance ranged from 0.371 to 0.609 and 0.629 to 0.391 on the southern slope and from 0.380 to 0.968 and 0.620 to 0.032 on the northern slope, respectively. The mortality of A. koreana was 9.6% on the southern slope and 24.4% on the northern slope, a distinct difference between the slopes. The mortality type at two slopes was the highest proportion of standing dead. Annual mean tree ring growth of A. koreana on the southern slope (1.76 mm/yr) was higher than that on the northern slope (1.64 mm/yr).