• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurence properties of the complications in spinal cord injured patients. Clinical observation were for 116 cases in and out wards, were carried out during one year from july, 1990 to June, 1991 at 4 general hospitals in Taegu, Korea. The results of this study is summarized as follows : 1. Among the 116 cases, $67.7\%$ was male and $35.3\%$ was female. The largest groups were noted in $60.7\%$, of the forties by age, in $34.5\%$ of the middle school by educational career, in $27.6\%$ of the administer by professional division. 2. The number of complications in a patient in the largest group was two-type. The next groups were three-type, $23.3\%$ and five-type, $20.7\%$. Of each factors, the largest numbers of two-type recorded tuberculosis of spine$(71.4\%)$, thoracic cord injury$(63.4\%)$, incomplete paraplegia$(48.4\%)$, and inwards during 1-2 months $(47.4\%)$. 3. Total number of the complications were counted to 367 cases. The largest group of complications was pain, $24.8\%$. The next groups were pressure sores, $19.9\%$. spasticity, $12.5\%$, and urinary tract infection, $9.3\%$. 4. The number of the 4 major complications(pain, pressure sores, joint contracture, spasticity) was counted to 280 cases. The largest group of the major complications was pain, $32.5\%$. The next groups were pressure sores, $26.1\%$, joint contracture, $25.9\%$ and spasticity, $16.4\%$. Of each factors, the largest numbers of the pain recorded female$(40.5\%)$, thirties$(49.2\%)$, non-educate $(53.8\%)$, labor$(38.2\%)$, traffic accidents$(32.8\%)$, thoracic cord injury$(34.4\%)$, complete paraplegia$(58.1\%)$, and inwards during above 13 months$(37.5\%)$. 5. The largest group of the pain portion was shoulder. $49.4\%$. The non groups were lower extremity, $25.2\%$, hip, $11.0\%$, and all bodies, $4.3\%$. The largest numbers of the shoulder pain recorded thirties$(59.4\%)$, traffic accidents $(52.7\%)$, cervical cord injury$(67.2\%)$. complete quadriplegia$(81.8\%)$, and inwards during above 13 months$(100.0\%)$. 6. The largest group of the pressure sores sites was sacral portion, $83.6\%$. The next groups were hip, $6.8\%$, maleollus, $4.1\%$. The largest numbers of pressure sores formation in the sacral portion recorded below 19 and above $60(100.0\%)$, falling objects$(100.0\%)$, lumbar cord injury$(100.0\%)$, incomplete paraplegia$(100.0\%)$, and in wards during 3-4 months$(95.9\%)$. 7. The largest group of the joint contracture portion was lower extremity, $61.4\%$, follows was upper extremity, $38.6\%$. The largest numbers of the joint contrcture portions recorded thirties$(100.0\%)$, traffic accidents$(86.1\%)$, cervical cord injury$(80.4\%)$, complete quadriplegia$(86.7\%)$, and inwards during 3-4 months $(82.2\%)$ 8. The largest group of spasticity portion was lower extremity, $53.0\%$. The next groups were hip. 23.9, 23.9, ankle, $8.7\%$, and elbow, $4.3\%$. The largest numbers of the spasticity portions recorded above $60(100.0\%)$, falling $(100.0\%)$, cervical cord injury$(71.4\%)$, incomplete quadriplegia$(71.4\%)$, and inwards during 1-2 months $(100.0\%)$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.622-637
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• 1993

The Purposes of this study were to investigate the significant correlation among the length changes of body surface total lines and between the length changes of body surface total lines and those of component body surface segment lines, and to reveal anticipated relation among body surface length changes by the lower limb movement including all movement direction of hip joint, knee joint & ankle joint for the more functional clothing making & designing. 10 Crosswise & 5 lengthwise body surface total lines and 48 crosswise & 39 lengthwise body surface segment lines of 26 female college students aged from 18 to 24 years were measured directly on the body surface and analyzed by ANOYA & Multiple Comparison Test(Tukey), and the length changes of them were calculated as the difference of the mean length at Fl movement from the mean length at each movement and were analyzed by PEARSON CORRELATION. The results were as following : 1. Correlation among the length changes of body surface total lines (1) Correlation among the length changes of body surface total lines significantly changed by the movement ; 1) The more GA5 expanded, the more GA6 & GA7 each expanded, and the more GA18 expanded, the more GA1 & GA3 each expanded. 2) The more GA15 expanded, the less GA14 each contracted. 3) The more GA7 expanded, the larger GA17 contracted. 4) The more GA1 & GA18 expanded, the larger GA16 contracted, and the larger GM contracted, the less GA16 contracted. (2) Only GA7 and GA17(at F4) showed high (over r=0.7) correlation coefficient, But others' correlation coefficients were r=0.4~0.7. (3) Correlation coefficients among & between girth items and length items 1) Correlation coefficients among girth items were shown + ; between GA3 and GA4, GA5, GA8, between GA5 and GA6, GA7, GA9 each, between GA1 and GA6 and between GA4 and GA7. 2) Correlation coefficients among length items were shown + or - ; shown + between GA14 and GA15 and between GA17 and GA16 ; but Shown - Between GAlS and GA16. 3) Correlation coefficients between girth items and length items were mainly shown - : shown-between GA1 and GA16, GA17, between, GA4 and GA16, between GA6, GA7 each and GA17, between GA8 and GA18 ; but shown + between GA1, GA3 each and GA18 and between GA8 and GA14 were shown +. 2. Correlation between the length changes of body surface total lines and those of component body surface segment lines. (1) All correlation coefficients were + except A147 of GA14. (2) Correlation coefficient over r=0.7 was shown ; between GA3 and CB3, A35 each, between GA5 and A054, between GA6 and A63, between GA7 and A72, A74 each, between GA8 and A83, A84 each, between GA15 and A153, between GA16 and Al64, Al65 each, between GA18 and A189 : but was not shown between GA4, GA17 and it's component body surface segment lines each. (3) Characteristics of correlation between the length changes of body surface total lines and those of body surface segment lines ; 1) If significant correlation of body surface total lines were expansion parts, it's component body surface segment lines was also expansion segment and the otherwise were the same. But exception was shown between expansion line GA3 and A031 (at F4), between GA18 and AlS9 (at F6) and between GA14 and A147, so to speak GA3 & lines and GA14 was contraction total line oppositely A147 was expansion. 2) The more GA3, GAlS expanded, the less A031, A189 contracted. 3) The more GA14 contracted, the more A147 expanded. 4) All correlation except the above 2), 3), the more total lines (GA1, GA3, GA5, GA15, GA16, GA18) expanded, the more segment lines (A15, CB1, A31, A34, CB3, A52, A54, A153, A169, A181) expanded, or the larger total lines (GA14, GA16, GA17) contracted, the larger segment lines (A141, A142, A161, A164, A165, A172) contracted.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.86-108
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• 2001

This study was performed to examine the annual experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom and its related factors in rural farmers. Six-hundred and sixty one rural farmers were investigated by questionnaire survey through interview from July 1 to July 31 in 2000. The results were as follows; The rural farmers who had experienced musculoskeletal symptom during recent 1 year was 82.7% in male, 92.1% in female. The annual experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom by part of the body in male were turned out as back; 42.3% leg and knee; 36.4%, shoulder; 21.4%, arm and hand; 12.7%, elbow; 7.7%, hip; 6.8% neck; 6.4%, ankle and foot; 6.4% in order. The annual experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom by part of the body in female were turned out as back; 59.4%, leg and knee; 48.5%, shoulder; 20.2%, arm and hand; 13.8%, hip; 10.7%, neck; 6.8%, ankle and foot; 6.3%, elbow; 5.0% in order. The annual experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom, back pain, and pain on leg and knee were significantly higher in female. In male, the experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom was different significantly according to educational level, family size, economic status, status of smoking, duration of farming, type of major agricultural affairs. By the multiple logistic regression analysis for experience of musculoskeletal symptom, family size and economic status were the significant variables. It was higher in male with no or one family living together and low economic status. In female, the experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom was different significantly according to body mass index, perceived health status, type of agricultural affairs. By the multiple logistic regression analysis for experience of musculoskeletal symptom, body mass index, perceived health status, and type of major agricultural affairs were the significant variables. It was higher as female farmer's body mass index was increasing and when female farmer's perceived health status was not healthier, and it was lower when female farmer did livestock farming as major agricultural affair. The experience rate of musculoskeletal symptom was higher in the busy season for farmers and treatment methods for musculoskeletal symptom were physical therapy, medication, herb medical treatment, etc. In conclusion, because most of farmers experience musculoskeletal symptom, continuous systematic study on musculoskeletal symptom of farmers and active effort to prevent and manage musculoskeletal symptom of farmers are necessary.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 2008

목적 : 만성 염증성 질환에 대한 전침효과를 알아보기 위해 complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA) 유발 관절염 모델의 거퇴 관절 내 염증관련 단백질 및 복합당질의 변화를 살펴보았다. 방법 : Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐의 족부에 CFA를 주사한 다음 3일 간격으로 2Hz, 15Hz 및 120Hz 전침자극을 주며 부종 형성여부를 plethysmometer로 측정하여 판정하였으며 30일째 거퇴관절을 취하여 4% paraformaldehyde에 고정하고 EDTA용액에서 탈회시켜 파라핀연속 절편을 얻어 $NF-{\kappa}B$를 비롯한 5종의 염증관련 단백질의 발현 및 복합당질 변화를 살펴보았다. 결과 : 관절연골 내 면역반응 중 연골기질은 반응이 없거나 약하고 연골세포는 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS 반응이 강하며 특히 유리연골층에서 더 현저하였으나 염증 및 전침자극에 따른 변화는 없었다. 관절낭에서 면역반응을 살펴보면 염증유발시 활액세포의 면역반응세포는 $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$가 감소한 반면 iNOS, $IL-1{\beta}$는 증가하며 특히 iNOS 증가가 현저하였으며 전침자극에 의해 iNOS 가 감소하였다. 활액막조직에서 모든 면역반응이 증가하며 특히 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS 반응이 현저한데 전침자극에 의해 $IL-1{\beta}$를 제외한 모든 반응이 감소하였다. 복합당질 염색성은 CFA를 주사한 염증유발 흰쥐군이 정상군에 비해 감소하였다. 관절연골 중 구역간질의 중성복합당질 및 연골세포피막의 산성복합당질이 현저히 감소하였다 Lectin반응도 DBA을 제외한 모든 발현이 염증유발시 감소하였다. 그러나 전침처리에 의해 정상군과 유사한 염색성과 lectin반응을 유지하였다. 특히 구역간질의 중성복합당질과 연골세포의 sWGA와 RCA-1 반응이 현저하였다. 결론 : 만성 염증성 동물모델의 거퇴 관절 내 염증관련 단백질은 관절연골보다 관절낭에서, 복합당질의 변화는 관절연골에서 큰 변화를 보였으며 전침의 자극에 의해 이들 변화가 억제되는 것을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과로 보아 전침처치는 염증관련 단백질 발현 및 복합당질의 변화 억제를 통해 만성 관절염 질환에 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate difference in fascicle behavior of the medial gastrocnemius during the locomotion with varying intensities, such as gait and one-legged and two-legged vertical jumping. Methods : Six subjects (3 males and 3 females; age: $27.2{\pm}1.6yrs.$, body mass: $62.8{\pm}9.8kg$, height: $169.6{\pm}8.5cm$) performed normal gait (G) at preferred speed and maximum vertical jumping with one (OJ) and two (TJ) legs. While subjects were performing the given tasks, the hip, knee and ankle joint motion and ground reaction force was monitored using a 8-infrared camera motion analysis system with two forceplates. Simultaneously, electromyography of the triceps surae muscles, and the fascicle length of the medial gastrocnemius were recorded using a real-time ultrasound imaging machine. Results : Comparing to gait, the kinematic and kinetic parameters of TJ and OJ were found to be significantly different. Along with those parameters, change in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle-tendon complex (MTC) length ($50.57{\pm}6.20mm$ for TJ and $44.14{\pm}5.39mm$ for OJ) and changes in the fascicle length of the MG ($18.97{\pm}3.58mm$ for TJ and $20.31{\pm}4.59mm$ for OJ) were observed. Although the total excursion of the MTC and the MG fascicle length during the two types of jump were not significantly different, however the pattern of length changes were found to be different. For TJ, the fascicle length maintained isometric longer during the propulsive phase than OJ. Conclusion : One-legged and two-legged vertical jumping use different muscle-tendon interaction strategies.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the indirect estimation of the lumbar intervertebral disc size by two anthropometric methods(Colombini's method and Turk and Celan's method), in order to compare these indirect methods with the direct analysis by computed tomography(CT). The wrist, elbow, knee and ankle joint(right side) diameters were measured in 52 normal volunteers and intervertebral disc sizes were measured in 50 normal subjects by CT. Then the intervertebral disc sizes were calculated using two anthropometric formula. The data were analysed with ANOVA to differentiation between indirect and direct estimation of the lumbar intervertebral disc sizes. This study shows that male subjects have significantly larger L4-5 and L5-S1 intervertebral disc sizes than female subjects. In addition, disc sizes calculated by Colombini's formula were significantly larger than Turk & Celan's formula but there was no significant differences in the compared Turk & Celan's estimation with CT values. The indirect estimation of the intervertebral disc size by Turk & Celan's formula can be considered as a clinically useful method. However, further study should be conducted to compare anthropometric values according to age.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.99-107
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to provide fundamental data in training to improve athletes' competitiveness through the comparative analysis of kinematic variables according to the types of stance. For this study, the subjects selected 4 Junior Weight lifters. Subjects performed two type(8-type and 11-type) Dead-lift and their performance was sampled at 60frame/sec. using four high-speed digital video cameras. After digitizing images from four cameras, the two-dimensional coordinates were used to produce three-dimensional coordinates of the 15 body segments(20 joint makers and 2 bar makers). And the results were as follows. 1. As for the time required for stances, 8-type motion was faster than 11-type motion. 2. As for the body-center shift in stances, 8-type motion was bigger than 11-type motion in back and forth motion shift, and 11-type motion was bigger than 8-type motion in right and left, up and down motion shift. 3. As for the speed of a body-center and a babel, 8-type motion was faster than 11-type motion. 4. As for the motion-trace of a babel in stances, 8-type motion was bigger than 11-type in back and forth, right and left motion and 11-type motion was bigger than 8-type in up and down motion. 5. As for the body-angles in stances, 8-type motion was bigger than 11-type in the stance angle, and 11-type motion is bigger than 8-type in the angles of a coxa, a knee and an ankle. As a result of the comparative analysis between 8-type and 11-type stance of Junior Weight lifters dead-lift, both were generally similar in variables, but 8-type motion was more stable than 11-type in aspects of time, speed, center shift, angle change.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 2006

This study was to find out whether MBT shoes were more effective than general sporting shoes on the kinematic physiology. We comparatively analyzed energy consumption, heart rates, rating of perceived exertion, lactic acid density in blood and muscle activity with EMG. The subjects were 10 regular students of K Univ.(5 male and 5 female). They wore the general sporting shoes for stage 1(group 1), the MBT walking shoes for stage 2(group2) under the same conditions. There was one week interval between stages. 1. There was no significant difference in the energy consumption and the heart rates between two groups. Group 1 showed a higher energy consumption and heart rates than Group 2 under the speed of 4.0 mph. On the other hand, Group 2 showed higher ones over the speed of 4.0 mph. 2. There was no significant difference in the rating of perceived exertion and lactic acid density in blood between two groups. But Group 2 showed a lower fatigue strength than Group 1. 3. Group 2 showed a higher muscle activity with EMG than group 1, especially at the speed of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 mph in quadratus lumborum muscle and at 4.0mph in tibialis anterior muscle. In conclusion, we are less tired in MBT shoes than in general sporting shoes. Also, we can dorsiflex better in the ankle joint, straighten the lumbar region well and walk erect in MBT shoes. Specially, when it walks slowly, it is favorable in an erection walk and when it walks quickly, we have advantage of obesity management.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2009

The purpose of this project was to determine biomechanical differences between Type A(Korean brand) and Type B(world top brand) badminton shoes and to make recommendations to improve the fit and function of Type A badminton shoes. Measurements of shoe shape and dimensions, foot movement within the shoe, cushioning of ground reaction forces, in-shoe pressure and outsole traction were performed. In addition, subjective feedback of the fit and function of the shoes was quantified for 17 recreational badminton players. Type A shoe had a much higher heel and shallower heel cup, so the heel was not secured well in the shoe and the ankle joint was higher off the ground. Foot slippage was up to 40% greater in Type A shoe than Type B shoe. Impact forces and peak pressures under the foot were generally higher with Type A shoe compared to Type B shoe. The flexion axis of Type A shoe occurred in the midfoot, not at the ball of the foot like Type B shoe, where you would want the shoe flexion to occur. In summary, there are several characteristics where A Type shoe and B Type differ. Therefore, a few recommendations are provided to help improve the fit and function of A Type shoe.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 1999

Chronic osteomyelitis have been treated with wound dressing and antibiotics therapy often results in healing but foul odor pus discharges from the fibrotic soft tissues reactivates and requires appropriate control of the infection. Debridement of the wound, curettage and sequestrectomy, bone graft and immediate free flap transplantation is the curative protocol for the chronic osteomyelitis in the lower extremity. Authors have treated 7 cases of chronic osteomyelitis in the lower extremity with microsurgical free tissue transplantation at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital from December 1993 through February 1998. The results are as follows. 1. The chronic osteomyelitis occurred in tibial shaft in 4 cases, in calcaneus 2 cases and in femur 1 case. 2. Duration of the chronic osteomyelitis was at average 31.6 years. 3. Squamous cell carcinoma in the surrounding fibrotic tissue was biopsied in 1 case. 4. 4 cases had no trauma and occurred through hematogenous infection and 3 cases had fracture trauma. 5. Wound debridement and immediate free muscle transplantation had done in 5 cases and wound debridement, sequestrectomy and immediate free muscle transplantation in 2 cases. 6. Rectus abdominis muscle transplantation had peformed in 4 cases(57.1%), latissimus dorsi mucle 1 case(14.3%), latissimus dorsi myocutaneous 1 case(14.3%) and gracilis 1 case (14.3%). 6 cases of 7 were success(85.7%). 7. 1 case of failed latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in thigh had done above knee amputation and 1 case of chronic posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle joint had done below knee amputation at other hospital.