• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.132-151
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• 2009

황해도 굿에서 사냥거리와 타살거리, 군웅거리는 사냥으로 제물을 마련하여 동물이 희생되어 신령에게 바치기까지의 과정을 의례적으로 표현하고 있다. 이러한 황해도 굿의 특징인 모의사냥과 동물희생의 의례는 일본의 시바마츠리에서도 행해지고 있다. 이 논문은 황해도 굿과 시바마츠리를 비교민속학적 관점에서 구조적으로 비교해보았다. 황해도 굿은 기존의 연구 성과에서 소찬으로 모셔지는 신령과 육찬으로 모셔지는 신령으로 구분되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 신령에 대한 구분은 농경문화와 수렵문화를 각기 배경을 달리하는 신관(神觀)에서 비롯되었음을 알 수 있다. 황해도 굿은 여러 생산기반을 달리하는 무속을 수용하여 형성되었다. 따라서 굿의 목적에 따라 거리는 재편성하여 진행된다. 사냥거리는 제물이 산에서 마련하였음을 극적으로 표현하며, 생명력있는 동물이 타살됨으로서 군웅신을 환유로 나타내며 제물이 제공된다. 따라서 동물희생의례는 제물의 액을 풀어주고 신령으로부터 의지를 얻어내는 양의적인 의례이다. 일본의 시바마츠리가 행해지는 지역은 수렵과 밭농사를 겸하는 산간의 반농반렵(半農半獵)의 지역으로 농경의례와 수렵의례가 복합적으로 나타나있다. 정월에 행하는 시바마츠리는 산에서의 농사와 수렵의 시작으로 풍요를 기원하는 의미도 있다. 따라서 화전농경을 상징적으로 나타내는 동화제(洞火祭)와 모의적인 사냥과 동물희생의 의례가 복합적으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 의례는 동남아시아의 산간지역의 밭농사민이 정초에 행하는 의례적 수렵관행과 일치한다. 황해도굿과 일본 시바마츠리는 표면적으로 모의사냥과 동물희생이 의례적으로 이루어지는 공통점이 있으나 구조적으로는 달리하고 있다. 즉 이러한 동물희생의례는 문화적 배경을 달리하며 각기 의례가 형성되었음을 알 수 있다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제35권
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• pp.284-303
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• 2002

The purpose of this research paper is to examine, from an ethnological viewpoint, the traditional practice of using sacrificial game and domestic livestock as is often seen at communal rites in Korea. This paper also examine how the more convenient use of livestock sacrifice developed from that in which wild game were once offered, and how this change in the type of animals used affected the significance of the sacrifice. It also looks at how the use of animal sacrifice for ceremonies eventually influenced the practice of meat consumption on the part of the participants in their daily life, and how it contributed to the eventual establishment and development of livestock breeding for the purpose of meat consumption. The practice of catching wild game in the mountains for sacrificial purposes eventually gave way to the use of pasturage cattle, but it should be understood that these domesticated livestock were raised primarily for ceremonial rather than meat consumption purpose. When used for sacrifice, these cattle were not castrated, as is normally done when they are slaughtered for meat consumption, but it should not be assumed that this was done for purposes of simplification. In addition, not only rice farmers but also when enterpreneurs set up a new enterprise, animal sacrifice was viewed not only as a form of on-site purification of evil, but also served the dual purpose of enhancing their business through the traditional custom of serving meat to those invited guests in attendance. In the large-scale village communal rite of Hwaghae Province located in the northwestern part of Korea, animal sacrifice was carried out in the ritual for the Mountain God in a highly dramatic style, and suggests that it originated with the agrarian rites of the "fire-field" farmers of East Asia, which were utilized to foretell whether the coming year would be one of abundance or famine, and to the royal ceremony held on the 3rd day of the 3rd month of the lunar calendar, as well as that held for the God of the Mountains and Streams. The dramatic-style hunting rite, included in the large-scale communal ritual of Hwanghae Province mentioned previously, as well as in the Ritual of the Cow from Pyungsan, also located in Hwanghae Province, in which wild game were used as sacrifice, is significant in that it points up the changes that have occurred in ceremonial animal sacrifice. However, more research on ritualistic animal sacrifice is still called for in rites for good farming, fishing, and the variety of others that are held throughout Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.430-434
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• 2003

In vivo antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus helveticus CU 631 and Lactobacillus spp. against typical enteritis causing pathogen Salmonella enteritidis KU 101 have been determined, which showed an increase in survival rate and the decline in viable cell numbers of pathogen in liver and spleen at sacrifice. A signifcant difference in the antagonistic effect against KU 101 were observed, which was species and/or strain dependent of Lactobacillus (p<0.01), the survival rate of the mice in the Salmonella infection by feeding L. helveticus CU 631 has been shown to be 157%, whereas those of L. rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356, L. johnsonii C-4 were 137%, 132%, 119% respectively on the basis of lactobacilli non-associated control KU101 fed mice to be 100%. Viable cells of S. enteritidis KU101 in the liver and in the spleen at sacrifice were decreased in Lactobacillus spp. fed group with no significant difference. The higher level of total secretory IgA concentration in the intestinal fluid of lactobacilli fed mice than control mice have been observed. In vitro antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus spp. against KU101 have been determined, a prominent antagonistic activity of CU 631 against KU 101 were demonstrated.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2022

The use of animals heavily impacts the mental health of researchers performing the animal experiments. The animal researchers need to take care of animals but also give pain and sacrifice them at the same time. This circumstance can cause a variety of mental stress to the researchers. The stress generated in the laboratory would not only negatively affect the management of animals and the research results, but also would harm the researchers' physical and mental health. Because the feeling of sympathy for animals is a natural feature of humanity, psychological stress following a laboratory animal's death after use is not surprising. It is necessary to revise the relevant laws based on understanding the difficulties of animal researchers in society and to develop related educational programs at the national level to help the psychology and emotions of researchers who conduct animal experiments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1329-1338
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the relationship between welfare standards in sheep farms and farmers' perceptions of factors affecting animal welfare. We developed a scale of 34 items to measure farmers' perceptions of animal welfare. We examined the relationships among variables in farmers' characteristics, our observations, and farmers' expressed perceptions through a t test, variance analysis and correlation analysis. Results of the research suggested that higher welfare standards for sheep exist on farms run by farmers who have a higher perception level of animal welfare. These farmers believed that personnel and shelter conditions were more effective than veterinary inspection, feeding and other factors in terms of animal welfare. In addition, we detected a significant relationship between the farmers' perceptions and their gender, educational level, whether they enjoyed their work, or whether they applied the custom of religious sacrifice. Our results showed that emotional and cognitive factors related to farmers' perceptions may offer opportunities for progress in the domain of animal welfare.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.56-70
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• 2022

창녕 교동 39호분과 63호분은 북쪽에 입구부를 둔 횡구식 묘제로 별도의 추가장이 이루어지지 않은 창녕지역의 독특한 묘제이다. 본고는 해당 고분의 매장 프로세스와 함께 고분의 입구부에 별도로 조성된 석곽 2기의 성격과 의미를 이해하고자 하였다. 이 2기의 석곽은 39호분의 석곽 3호(39-3호)와 63호분의 석곽 3호(63-3호)로 대형분 내에 독립되어 조성된 소형 무덤이다. 2기 모두 매장주체부의 북벽 중위에 위치하며 한쪽 벽면을 매장주체부 벽석과 공유하고 있는데 축조상태로 보아 주피장자를 석곽 내부에 안치한 뒤 북벽을 폐쇄하는 과정에서 조성되었다. 석곽 내부에는 동물유체가 모두 확인되었는데 특히 63-3호 동물유체 동정결과 최소 3개체의 개가 매장된 것으로 추정되었다. 무엇보다 이들 동물유체는 주피장자를 등진 상태로 머리를 바깥쪽으로 향하고 있으며 한정된 공간 내에 중첩되지 않고 나란히 안치되어 있어 주목된다. 창녕 교동 39-3호와 63-3호는 매장주체부를 축조하는 과정에서 조성된 것으로 동시성을 가지며 각각의 독립된 유구이지만한 고분 내에서 주피장자를 따라 축조되었다는 종속적 관계를 형성한다. 또한 동물을 살해한 뒤 해체되지 않은 상태로 일정한 방향에 따라 정연하게 안치하였다는 점에서 강제성을 띠고 있다. 이에 유구의 성격은 개(견(犬))를 순장한 순장곽(殉葬槨)으로 이해된다. 삼국시대 고분 출토 동물유체에 대한 연구는 그 위치에 따라 동물부장, 제수매납, 동물희생 등으로 해석되며 이는 일련의 동물희생의례, 즉 동물 부장과 희생(제생(祭牲) 혹은 공희(供犧))으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 인식의 바탕에는 동물을 음식이나 제의 희생물과 같이 물적 대상화하는데 기반하고 있다. 그런데 창녕 교동 39-3호와 63-3호는 장송의례 과정에서 동물을 영적존재로 인식하고 주피장자의 계세사상과 밀접하게 연관된다는 점에서 차이를 보인다. 또한 유구의 위치와 방향성에 대한 다각도로의 분석도 요구되는데, 이 2기의 순장곽이 고분의 입구부에 해당하며, 위치가 입구부의 가장 개방된 공간이라는 점, 바깥을 향해 바라보는 개의 모습 등은 고분 수호와 벽사의 의미로도 해석이 가능하다. 이러한 모습은 고대 계세사상을 반영하는 고구려 벽화고분에 묘사된 개의 그림과 백제 무령왕릉 출토 석수와도 비교가 가능하며 고대 무덤을 지키는 진묘수의 의미와도 상통한다. 이는 차후 동물유체 매장유구에 대해 다각적인 연구가 필요하다는 점을 시사하는 바이다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2004

Small animal models are extensively utilized in the study of biomedical sciences. Current animal experiments and analysis are largely restricted to in vitro measurements and need to sacrifice animals to perform tissue or molecular analysis. This prevents researchers from observing in vivo the natural evolution of the process under study. Imaging techniques can provide repeatedly in vivo anatomic and molecular information noninvasively. Small animal imaging systems have been developed to assess biological process in experimental animals and increasingly employed in the field of molecular imaging studies. This review outlines the current developments in nuclear medicine imaging instrumentations including fused multi-modality imaging systems for small animal imaging.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2023

This study was conducted to induce muscle loss using dexametasone and then use the extract to determine its effectiveness in a muscle loss animal model. Animal experimental groups were divided by five groups. Changes in the weight of the animals were measured for a total of 5 weeks. After animal sacrifice, muscle mass was measured, and animal behavior evaluation was conducted using grip strength test and pole test. The expression levels of MAFbx protein was measured using muscle samples. Oral administration of Fomes fomentarius extract was effective in suppressing muscle atropy and increasing muscle, which was confirmed through animal behavior evaluation and muscle-related protein expression.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.264-270
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• 2019

Background: To develop a rabbit epidural steroid injection (ESI) model for analyzing steroid retention in the tissue, and to assess the difference in steroid retention in the model according to the location and time elapsed after ESI. Methods: Fluoroscopy-guided ESI was performed using the interlaminar approach between the lowest two lumbar segments in 13 female New Zealand white rabbits. Four rabbits were allocated to each of three different groups according to the time of sacrifice: 3, 7, and 15 days post-ESI; the remaining rabbit was sacrificed immediately post-ESI to obtain baseline data. After sacrifice, two segments were harvested: the lowest two lumbar vertebrae and another two lumbar vertebrae immediately above these. The residual steroid amount (RSA) and residual steroid concentration (RSC) in the collected spinal columns were analyzed. A linear mixed model was used to compare RSAs and RSCs between the injected and adjacent segments, and among the number of days until sacrifice; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Both RSA and RSC of the injected segment were significantly higher than those of the adjacent segment (P < 0.001, both). The RSA and RSC significantly decreased over time (P = 0.009 and P = 0.016, respectively). Conclusions: The developed rabbit ESI model verified that significantly more steroid was retained at the injected segment than at the adjacent segment and the residual steroid decreased over time. This model could be useful not only for comparing current steroid medications, but also for developing new, better steroid formulations.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2012

In animal tumorigenicity data, tumor onsets occur at several sites and onset times cannot be exactly observed. Instead, the existence of tumors is examined only at death time or sacrifice time of the animal. Such an incomplete data structure makes it difficult to investigate the effect of treatment on tumor onset times; in addition, such dependence should be considered when censoring due to death is related with tumor onset. A bivariate frailty effect is incorporated to model bivariate tumor onsets and to connect death with tumor. For the inference of parameters, EM algorithm is applied and a real NTP(National Toxicology Program) dataset is analyzed as an illustrative example.