• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between craniovertebral angle (CVA) and cardiorespiratory function ($VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$) in young adults. METHODS: For this study, the students of D college were questioned and 50 members of D college were participated in our research.. Side-view pictures of each subject were taken in standing positions, in order to assess forward head posture (FHP) by measuring the craniovertebral angle. The craniovertebral angle was measured as the angle between a horizontal line at C7 and a line from the tragus of the ear to the spinous process of C7. And $VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$ were measured by Quark CPET (cosmed co, USA) while the subjects were performed the treadmill running task of a intensity to set with respiratory mask. Subjucts were Then Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to estimate the relationship between craniovertebral and cardiorespiratory function ($VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$) using SPSS for window. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between craniovertebral angle and $VO_2max$ during treadmill running task (r=0.528, p<0.05). And there was a significant positive correlation between craniovertebral angle and $VO_2max$ during treadmill running task (r=0.566, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Foreward head posture is related to cardiorespiratory function, and it has a negative correlation with cardiorespiratory function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.49
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• pp.25-48
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for classification of somatotype for boys of elementary school age. The subject were 458 elementary school boys aged from 7 to 12 living in Pusan, Data were collected by 57 anthropometric and 11 photographic measurements and analyzed by factor analysis according to SAS package 1. Through the factor analysis by each period of school ages 6-7 factor were obtained in upper half and they are as followings: 1) Factor 1 is horizontal size of upper half in every period 2) Factor 2 is vertical size of upper half in every period 3) Factor 3 is shoulder shape in the first period and length of upper half in the middle and latter period 4) Facto 4 sis length of upper half in the first period and shoulder shape in the middle and latter period 5) Factor 5 is angle shape of the breast and back in the first period angle shape of the lower breast and back in the middle of period and angle shape of the upper breast and back in the latter of period 6) Factor 6 is angle of shoulder in the first period angle shape of the upper breast and back in the middle of period and angle shape of the lower breast and back in the latter of period 7)Factor 7 is angle of shoulder in the latter of period 2. Through the factor analysis by each period of school ages 5-6 factor were obtained in lower half and they are as followings: 1) factor 1 is horizontal size of upper half in every period 2) Factor 2 is vertical size of upper half in every period 3) Pactor 3 is angle shape of the belly and upper buttock in the first period and length of lower half in the middle and latter period 5) Factor 5 is angle shape of the lower buttock in the first period angle shape of the upper belly and buttock in the middle of period and angle of the side posture in the latter of period 6) Factor 6 is angle shape of the lower buttock in the middle of period and angle shape of the lower belly and buttock

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.88-97
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• 2024

Background: This study was to investigate effects of Correlation Analysis between Cervical-Vertebra Angle and Neck Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, Sternocleidomastoid Thickness of Patients with Forward Head Posture Design: Correlation Analysis. Methods: The subjects of this study were a total of 54 people in the forward head position and their ages were between 30 and 50 years old. The subjects cranio-vertebral angles, neck extension, neck flexion, neck rotation angles, neck flexor strength, neck extensor strength, sternocleidomastoid thickness were evaluated through measuring instruments. The thickness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured using an imaging ultrasound diagnostic device (ultra sound, Versana Premier, GE Medical systems, China). CVA was measured by measuring the side photo of the subject was taken with a camera and evaluated.. neck joint range of motion was measured through digital inclinometer for extension, flexion, and neck rotation. neck muscle strength was measured by measuring the using a digital sthenometer. Data analysis in this study was statistically processed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., USA). Correlation analysis was used and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The results neck extension(r= 0.70^**), neck flexion(r= 0.67^**), neck rotation(r= 0.56^**), neck extensor muscle strengt(r= 0.85^**), neck flexor muscle strength(r= 0.66^**), sternocleidomastoid thicknes(r= -0.81^**) It indicates that there is a correlation. Conclusion:These results improve the Cervical-vertebra angle of patients with forward head posture should include a program to improve the thickness of the SCM. In the future, study can be used as an evidentiary material for treatment interventions to improve the Cervical-vertebra angle of patients with forward head posture.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2006

Background : As each human has a look in the face of oneself, he or she has a look of him or herself in the shape of the body also. And for the shape of the body which gives a big clue in diagnosis in musculoskeletal disorders. Therefor many means are used and developed for diagnosis through body shape or posture analysis for musculoskeletal disorders. X-ray, CT, MRI has been used for diagnosis through image in this way to tell about the inside of the human body. On the other side, moire topography was used for information about the exterior of the human body, but yet only minimal information such as the number of contour lines in each side was available. Therefor there were a few studies to use moire topography or other methods to get information about the surface of the human body in numeric values. The instrument used in this study which is a laser projection moire, is another trial to get numeric data about the surface of the human body. The instrument is composed of laser projector and a computer software to recompose and analyse the image data into depth, height, angle and length. Objectives : The study was focused on whether the instrument is reliable for clinic use, and to seek the proper environment and posture for the examination, and among the data the software provides, which items are more reliable and useful. Methods : For reproductivity and repeatability, 4 testers tested 2 persons. And to how if the body shape changes according to the posture and which posture gives the most reliable data, the test was performed in 6 different positions. Results : Result, the instrument showed sufficient repeatability and reproductivity for clinical use. And among the items the software provides, the length of the back, the angle of the back in the sagittal and coronal plane showed reliable results. And there was difference in the results according to the posture, and Therefor, in following studies using this instrument or similar type of posture analysing instruments, the length of the back, the angle of the back in the sagittal and coronal plane could be reliable item to use.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

Asymmetric sitting posture may cause asymmetric buttock pressure and unilateral low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of buttock pressure between both sides, and pelvic angle (sagittal and coronal planes) during typing in a sitting position on a pressure mat (Baltube) in individuals with and without unilateral LBP. Ten subjects with unilateral LBP and ten subjects without unilateral LBP were recruited for this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter. The subjects performed typing in a sitting posture for 30 minutes. Pressure data were collected and averaged at initial term (from start to first minutes) and final term (last minutes of 30 minutes). Angles of pelvic tilting were measured after 30 minutes typing. Pressure asymmetry values (difference in pressure between both sides) were calculated at the initial and final terms. A two-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between the initial and final pressure asymmetry values in subjects with and without unilateral LBP. An independent t-test was applied to compare the pelvic tilt angles between the two groups. To compare the change of pressure from the initial term to the final term between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides in the unilateral LBP group, a paired t-test was applied. In the unilateral LBP group, the pressure asymmetric value at the final term was significantly greater than that of the initial term (p<.05). The angle of pelvic tilting in coronal plane was significantly greater in the unilateral back pain group compared to the without unilateral LBP group (p<.05), however, there was no significant difference in the angle of pelvic tilting in the sagittal plane between the two groups (p>.05). In the unilateral LBP group, the change of pressure from the initial term to the final term was significantly less in the symptomatic side (-6.90 mmHg) than the asymptomatic side (5.10 mmHg). This asymmetric sitting posture may contribute to unilateral LBP in the sitting position. Further studies are needed to determine if asymmetric weight bearing in sitting causes unilateral LBP or if unilateral back pain causes asymmetric weight bearing, and if the correction of asymmetric weight bearing in sitting can reduce unilateral LBP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Purpose: This study assessed the differences in the forward head posture (FHP), cervical range of motion, and headache clinical parameters in episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) subjects, chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) subjects, and healthy controls (university students). Methods: Fifteen CTTH subjects, 15 ETTH subjects and 15 controls without headache were examined. Side-view images of each group were taken in both the sitting and standing positions, in order to assess the FHP by measuring the craniovertebral angle. The CROM was used to measure the cervical range of motion. A headache diary was kept for 4 weeks to assess the headache intensity, frequency, and duration. Results: The craniovertebral angle was smaller, ie, there was a greater FHP, in the CTTH and ETTH subjects than in the healthy controls in both the sitting and standing positions (p<0.05). The CTTH and ETTH subjects showed a lower cervical range of motion than the healthy controls in the total range of motion as well as in the half-cycles (p<0.05). Conclusion: The increased FHP and decreased cervical range of motion might be a contributing factor in the initiation of tension-type headache.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.71-89
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to design posture braces for rounded shoulders by examining characteristics of incorrect postures of rounded shoulders. The review of information in literature on rounded shoulder postures, correction exercise methods, and posture correction devices, has prompted this study to determine the design and material of a proper posture brace for rounded shoulders. In order to develop the pattern of a posture brace for rounded shoulders for women, the study carried out a comfort evaluation of the braces based on the 2D patterns through drafting method by utilizing the body measurements and relational formulae associated with the major body measurement such as bust circumference and on the 3D patterns of the brace which were obtained from 3D human model of women in their early 20s in Korea. Differences in angles were noted when 2D and 3D patterns of shoulder posture braces were compared. The side neck point was relocated farther outside in the 3D pattern to allow additional flexibility in the back-neck area, and the shoulder band was lowered by 14.8°, increasing armhole area comfort. The upper hemline of the front panel was found to rotate upward at an angle of 22.0° as the underarm point of the 3D pattern moved upwards than the underarm point of the 2D pattern, which enhanced comfort in the abdomen area. The 3D designs of shoulder posture brace was preferred in this study, as they significantly improved comfort while conducting fit evaluation compared to the 2D patterns of shoulder posture brace.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2023

Background: In modern society, the use of computers accounts for a large proportion of our daily lives. Although substantial research is being actively conducted on musculoskeletal diseases resulting from computer use, there has been a recent surge in interest in improving the working environment for prevention. Objects: This study aimed to examine the effects of posture correction feedback (PCF) on changes in neck posture and muscle activation during computer typing. Methods: The participants performed a computer typing task in two sessions, each lasting 16 minutes. The participant's dominant side was photographed and analyzed using ImageJ software to verify neck posture. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to confirm the participant's cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius muscle activities. The EMG signal was analyzed using the percentage of reference voluntary contraction and amplitude probability distribution function (APDF). In the second session, visual and auditory feedback for posture correction was provided if the neck was flexed by more than 15° in the initial position during computer typing. A 20-minute rest period was provided between the two sessions. Results: The neck angle (p = 0.014), CES muscle activity (p = 0.008), and APDF (p = 0.015) showed significant differences depending on the presence of the PCF. Furthermore, significant differences were observed regarding the CES muscle activity (p = 0.001) and APDF (p = 0.002) over time. Conclusion: Our study showed that the feedback system can correct poor posture and reduces unnecessary muscle activation during computer work. The improved neck posture and reduced CES muscle activity observed in this study suggest that neck pain can be prevented. Based on these results, we suggest that the PCF system can be used to prevent neck pain.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the biceps muscles activity at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position in hemiplegic patients. The biceps muscles activity was measured at the $0^{\circ},\;10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of anterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of affected side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of sound side tilt of the base of support by EMG biofeedback (MYOMED 432. ENLAF NONIUS CO.) In this study, 24 out-patients were evaluated who were treated at Yonsei University Medical College Rhabilitation Hospital. This study was carried out from December 5. 1993 to March 30. 1994. In order to determine the statistical significance of result, the ANOVA, and t-test were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. The results were as follows : 1. The biceps muscles activity of the sound side was no significantly difference at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position(p>0.05). 2. The biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly increased at the 100 of sound side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt of the base of support on sitting position(p<0.05). 3. There was no significantly difference in the change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side between the affected group and the intact group of propriocetive sense(p>0.05). 4. The change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly higer in the group of G 2 spasticity compared to that of G 1, G 1+ spasticity(p<0.05). These results showed that the biceps muscles activity of affected side was significantly increased when the base of support was tilted toward the sounde side and posterior direction on sitting position. In order to prevent the increment of biceps muscle activity, the patients must avoid to sit toward sound side and posterior tilt.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to compared of scapular position between operation side and non-operation side to the rotator cuff surgery. Methods: This study was carried out with a total 34 patients: male (n=14), female (n=20). Shoulder range of motion (ROM), the quadruple visual analogue scale (QVAS), the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and the scapular index (SI) were used to assess shoulder posture and function. SI was the resting position of the scapular was determined by measuring the distance from the mid-point of the sternal notch (SN) to the medial aspect of the coracoid process (CP) and the horizontal distance from the posterolateral angle of the acromion (PLA) to the thoracic spine (TS) with a soft tape measure. The SI was calculated using the equation: [(SN to CP/PLA to TS) ${\times}$ 100]. Results: There were no significant difference in ROM, QVAS to rotator repair patients according to SI (p>.05). There were significant differences in SI between the operation side and the non-operation side (p<.01). Conclusions: Scapular position was operation side more internal rotation, protraction, abduction than non-operation side. Therefore, health professionals managing for rotator cuff tear repair patients should consider scapular position.