• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.64-71
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• 1996

Measurement of concentration and size distribution of TSP, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate were made from Mar., 1991. to June., 1992 in Seoul. The seasonal variation of concentration and size distribution of aerosols has been investiated. Aerosol were collected and size frationated by Andersen air sampler. Size classified samples were extrated with deionized water and analyzed for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate by ion chromatography. As the results of measurement, the average of concentration and MMAD(mass median aerodynamic diameter) were $118.58 \mu g/m^3$, and $2.77 \mu m$ for TSP, $1.92 \mu g/m^3$ and $1.35 \mu m$ for ammonium, $1.34 \mu g/m^3$ and $1.58 \mu m$ for nitrate, $8.52 \mu g/m^3$ and $2.15 \mu m$ for sulfate. The Seasonal variation of concentration and size distribution was observed for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate. The concentration peak of TSP was observed in coarse particles in spring and observed in fine particles in winter. The concentration's distribution of TSP, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate was observed bimodal type during all season.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1988

Sandy dust phenomena was observed from April 19 to 23, 1988 in Seoul and suspended particulate was collected by Andersen air sampler during this period. The samples were analyzed for 16 components $(SO_n^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, F^-, Al, Fe, K, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cd)$. The conclusions are as follwes: 1. Total suspended particulate concentation during the period of sandy dust phenomena was 489 $\mug/m^3$ (ordinary times: 140-125 $mug/m^3$) 2. The water - soluble ion component concentration of suspended particulate during the period of sandy dust phenomena was few and the metal concentration of that was more than that of ordinary times. 3. The cumulative frequency distribution of suspended particulates in logarithmic diagram did not show similar to normal log distribution during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 4. $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, and PO_4^{3-}$ was onsided to coarse particle, and $NH_4^+$ and F to fine particle in the size distribution of water - soluble ion components during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 5. Metal concentration was high and Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Mg, and Ca was onsided to coarse particle, and K, Pb, and Cd to fine particle in the size distribution of metal components. 6. During the period of sandy dust phenomena the quantity of respirable particle (< 1 $\mum$) was about 3 times and that of metal components were about 2 - 11 times than that of ordinary times. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+$ at ordinary times were 1.1 - 4 time than that of the period of sandy dust phenomena.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2009

Saturated n-dicarboxylic acids ($C_2-C_7$, $C_9$), unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (maleic, fumaric, phthalic acid), ketocarboxylic acids (pyruvic, glyoxylic acid), and dicarbonyls (glyoxal, methylglyoxal) were determined in size-segregated samples with a high-volume Andersen air sampler at a suburban site in Saitama, Japan, May 12-17 and July 24-27, 2007 and January 22-31, 2008. The seasonal average concentrations of these detected organic acids were 670 $ng/m^3$, accounting for about 4.4-5.7% (C/C) of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 2.3-3.6% (C/C) of organic carbon (OC). The most abundant species of dicarboxylic acids was oxalic acid, followed by malonic, phthalic, or succinic acids. Glyoxylic acid and methyglyoxal were most abundant ketocarboxylic acid and dicarbonyl, respectively. Seasonal differences, size-segregated concentrations, and the correlations of these acids with ambient temperatures, oxidants, elemental carbon (EC), OC, WSOC, and ionic components were also discussed in terms of their corresponding sources and possible secondary formation pathways. The results suggested that photochemical reactions contributed more to the formation of particulate organic acids in Saitama suburban areas than did direct emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. However, direct emissions of vehicles were also important sources of several organic acids in particles, such as phthalic and adipic acids, especially in winter.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.60-65
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• 1986

Atmospheric particulates were collected at a site near the front gate of the Yonsei University using nine stages Andersen air sampler and the distribution of seasonal particle size was investigated. Rubber, Pb and Zn contents of the collected particulates in each stage were determined. Particle size distribution of atmospheric particulate, which was made by concentration distribution curve method, was usually divided into two groups, course (particles larger than 1 - 2 $\mu m in diameter$) and fine (particles smaller than 1 - 2 \mu m in diameter$) groups, regardless of sampling period. More than 80 percent of the total rubber contents in atmospheric particulates were larger than $5 \mu m$ in diameter, meaning that most of rubber particles were originated from tire tread. After benzene extraction for 4 hrs, the extracts were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography for rubber content. Pb and Zn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The annual average concentration of rubber particles was $4.2 \mu g/m^3$, which corresponded to 2.2% of the annual average total suspended particulates. Average concentration of styrene brtadiene rubber was about five times that of natural rubber. Annual average concentrations of Pb and Zn were $1.2 \mu g/m^3 and 0.4 \mu g/m^3$ respectively, which corresponded to about 0.7% and 0.2% of the annual average total suspended particulates.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.34-44
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• 1986

Particle size distribution of airborne suspended particulate concentrations according to particle size in the events of yellow sand phenomena, have been measured and analyzed by using Andersen air sampler for four years, January 1982 through December 1985. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Yellow sand phenomena, generally, occur between March and May. 2. The frequent occurrences of yellow sand were observed during March and April and airborne suspended particulate concentrations in the cases of yellow sand appeared to be 2 $\sim$ 3.4 times higher than those of normal conditions. 3. Geometric mean particle diameter and its geometric mean standard deviation by logarithmic normal distribution sheet, were quite close to each other and log-distribution curves showed similar shapes. 4. Analysis by particle size distribution curve showed bi-modal distribution. 5. Concentrations of coarse particles in normal conditions were 1.2 $\sim$ 2 times higher than those of fine particles and, similarly, coarse particle concentrations in yellow sand cases were 1.3 $\sim$ 2.5 times higher than those of fine particles. 6. Concentrations of coarse particles in yellow sand cases were 2 $\sim$ 3.6 times higher than those in normal conditions and those of fine particles were 1.7 $\sim$ 3.5 times higher.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1991

Total suspended particulates (TSP) in the atmosphere was collected and size-fractionated by Andersen high volume air sampler for one year (Mar. 1987 $\sim$ Feb. 1988) in Seoul. The concentrations of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals were determined to investigate the atmospheric concentrations, seasonal variations and its relationship with the size distribution of suspended particulate matter. The arithmetic mean concentration of total suspended particulates was 200.44 $\mug/m^3$. The concentrations of heavy metals were 2433.80 for Fe, 629.49 for Zn, 600.71 for Pb, 143.87 for Cu, and 107.21 $ng/m^3$ for Mn, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs were 3.83 for benzo(a) pyrene, 2.95 for benzo(k)fluoranthene, and 4.42 $ng/m^3$ for benzo(ghi)perylene, respectively. PAHs, Pb and Zn abounded in particles below 2.0 $\mu$m, while Fe and Mn aboounded in particles above 2.0 $\mu$m. TSP and its chemical compositions showed the seasonal variations. The concentrations of anthrophogenic pollutants like TSP, PAHs and heavy metals in the fine particles were highest in winter and lowest in summer. PAHs and Pb analyzed showed significant correlations between each other and between TSP concentration in fine particles, indicating that the particles in which they are contained have a similar behavior in the atmosphere.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.639-643
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• 1999

After analyzing the correlation between air pollution and visibility, TSP and $NO_2$ is responsible for poor visibility in Pusan. After analyzing the correlation between meteorological factors and visibility, general pattern of humidity has clear negative correlation. The variation of wind speed has a positive correlation. In order to investigate the cause of poor visibility in Pusan area, the Andersen sampler and PM-2.5 are used to collect and analyze aerosol. This study was carried out to monitor the visibility using Forward scattering meter and to find out the characteristics and the cause of good visibility case and poor visibility case by measuring and analyzing a variety of parameters, such as particle size distributions, chemical compositions, and meteorological conditions in Pusan. According to the analysis of intensive sampling, $NO_3^-,NH_4^+$ ion concentration increased together with the mass concentration around $0.5\~2.5{\mu}m$ approximately during the case of poor visibility. $NH_4NO_3,\;NH_4Cl,\;and\;NaCl$ were thought to be the major components of fine particles.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1995

Concentration of particulate nitrate classified by formation mechanism and particle diameter in ambient air was determined from Feb. to Oct. 1993. Sampling was carried out using a two-stage Andersen air sampler at the top of a five-story building located at Kon-Kuk University in seoul. Concentration of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ in TSP was measured by pyrolysis of sample filters at 160.deg.C for 1hr. concentration of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ was higher in winter time compared with that in summmer time. Also, concentration of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ was higher in fine particles compared with that in coarse particle. The range of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ concentration was between 2.9 and 9.9.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. Weight fraction of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ in total particulate nitrate was 31.1 .sim. 59.5%, and weight fraction of N $H_{4}$N $O_{3}$ in TSP was 2.1 .sim. 11.2%. Concentration of NaN $O_{3}$, which originated from sea salt, was highest in spring time and lowest in summer time,and the concentration range was between 0.1 and 0.7.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. NaN $O_{3}$/TSP ratio was very low (0.1 .sim. 0.4%) indicating that the portion of NaN $O_{3}$in TSP was negligible. Concentration of particulate nitrate originated from soil was 2.4 .sim. 2.9.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. Weight fraction of that in total particulate nitrate was 14.0 .sim. 37.1%.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 2012

The effect of continuous humidifier use on the bioaerosol concentration in an indoor environment was investigated. An ultrasonic humidifier was operated for 10 hr per day for 15 days in an apartment room. During this time period, viable bioaerosol samples were taken using a single-stage Andersen sampler containing culture media plates for bacteria and fungi. The culture plates were then incubated at room temperature for 2~7 days depending on the media. The counts for the air sample plates were corrected for multiple impactions using the positive hole conversion method and are reported as the colony forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU/$m^3$). While the bacterial concentration measured using the tryptic soy agar (TSA) did not show any significant change during the first 3 days, the concentration increased from the $6^{th}$ day (6979 CFU/$m^3$) and reached a maximum on the $9^{th}$ day (46431 CFU/$m^3$). The concentration then decreased to 2470 CFU/$m^3$ on the $12^{th}$ day, at which point the fungal concentration increased rapidly to 14424~16038 CFU/$m^3$. Also, while the fungal concentration showed a significant change until the $9^{th}$ day of humidifier use, fungal growth was observed on the wallpaper and increased rapidly from the $12^{th}$ day. However, the bacterial concentration increased rapidly after the fungi were removed by remediation. The major fungal species identified in the samples were Penicillium representing 34%, Aspergillus representing 31%, Cladosporium representing 24%, and Alternaria representing 1%. The results also indicated that a relative humidity over 80% was easily achieved with continuous humidifier use. Yet, maintaining a high humidity in a room can cause a rapid outbreak of microbial growth.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.E2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2004

The roadway tunnels in urban areas give rise to problems such as a localized air pollution. Here, we report the results of a case study of an urban roadway tunnel measurement. The size-resolved particle sampling was carried out with a two 2-stage filter pack samplers and an Andersen impactor sampler at the center of Buk-Ak tunnel in November 2001. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was applied to determine the elemental composition of size-resolved particles divided into soluble and insoluble fractions. The Thermal/Optical Reflectance (TOR$^{(R)}$) method was also employed in analyzing of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Mass concentrations of fine (< 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and coarse (> 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) particles are 165 and 48 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$^{-3}$ , respectively. Total elemental mass concentration (the sum of insoluble coarse, soluble coarse, insoluble fine, and soluble fine) is found to be 24$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$^{-3}$ and comprises only 11 % of total particle mass concentration. The concentrations of EC, OC, and mass show the clear dependency on particle size with the maximum between 0.1 and 0.43 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ aerodynamic diameters. Total carbon (sum of EC and OC) accounts for approximately 70% of mass concentration.n.