• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.337-341
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• 2010

The modified simultaneous differential staining technique, which enables double staining of cartilage and bones, needs to be improved to prevent soft tissues from being damaged during the staining process. Key factors influencing the extent to which soft tissues are damaged include the fixative used, macerating time, potassium hydroxide concentration, incubation temperature and the removal of skin from specimens. Here we describe a protocol that enables the hardening of tissues during bleaching and maceration. We also describe a method for objectively measuring rates of cartilage and bone growth. The use of formalin as a fixative rendered soft tissues more rigid due to the resulting chemical bonds formed between proteins. Blotted specimens were immersed in 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 day (smaller specimens) or 2-3 days (larger specimens). The 1% KOH solution was also used as the diluent solution for the subsequent immersion in a graded series of 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% glycerol solutions, a procedure that made soft tissues even more transparent and hardened. It was not necessary to remove the skin of specimens shorter than 2 cm, since the macerating solution could easily penetrate their thin skin layer and continuously remove those pigments hindering visibility. Since excessive osmosis is another factor that can damage soft tissues in the macerating process by causing the rupture of those cells not able to withstand the osmotic pressure, here it was minimized by balancing the salt concentration between the interior and exterior of cells with the addition of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the macerating solution. Finally, to determine the proportions of cartilage and bone growth, photographs of the stained specimens were taken with a dissecting microscope and sections corresponding to the cartilage and bones were cut out from the printed pictures and weighed. Our results show that this method is suitable for the objective evaluation of bone and cartilage growth.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to find out the degree of cartilage regeneration by inserting the atelo-collagen scaffold obtained from dermis of a calf on cartilage defect site. Dissection underneath the perichondrium by the periosteal elevator on both side of ears of six New Zealand white rabbits were made to expose the cartilage, leaving pairs of circular holes 3, 6, 9 mm width with punches. One hole was left for a control, and on the other hole atelo-collagen scaffold of the same size was transplanted. In postoperative 1, 2, 4 weeks, the tissues were dyed. The length of long axis of neocartilage was measured through an optical microscope with a 0.1 mm graduation at original magnification, ${\times}40$. In the first and second week, both group showed no sign of cartilage regeneration. In the fourth week, regeneration on marginal portions was observed on all groups and the average values of length of long axis of neocartilage according to defect size were as follows: In the cases with 3mm defect, it was $0.85{\pm}0.30mm$ in the control group, and $1.85{\pm}0.38mm$ in the graft group; in the cases with 6 mm defect, $1.33{\pm}0.58mm$ in the control group, and $2.25{\pm}0.46mm$ in the graft group; and in the cases with 9 mm defect, $2.33{\pm}0.77mm$ in the control group, and $4.47{\pm}1.39mm$ in the graft group. This means that the collagen scaffold has an influence on the regeneration of neocartilage. But the relative ratio of the length of neocartilage to cartilage defect size was not significant in the statistics.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.214-218
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• 2008

Purpose: Reconstruction of microtia using costal cartilage graft is commonly used technique nowadays. The chest wall depression at the donor site after the graft, however, has been noticed in many articles. Prevention or correction technique for the depression at the donor site also has been reported and we also have been concerned about the problem. This article is a case report about a new technique preventing chest wall depression after costal cartilage graft. Methods: We selected total 15 microtia patients who visited our clinic, from December 2005 to July 2007. They were 10 male and 5 female patients and the mean age was 11.9 years. The average follow up period was 9.2 months(2 to 15 months). We used 6, 7, and $8^{th}$ costal cartilage for microtia reconstruction. And then we turned over pivot of cartilage resection margin, after bihalving costal cartilage involving about 5-6 cm of $6^{th}$ and $7^{th}$ rib bone. After microtia reconstruction, chest donor sites were evaluated by physical examination and radiography. Results: Postoperative depression at the donor site was much less when the costal cartilage turnover technique was performed. Postoperative physical examination and three dimensional reconstruction CT showed that the rest part of rib bone was turned over and it supported the soft tissue defect during respiration. Conclusion: We expect that the turnover rib bone will not be absorbed after graft, as well as offering mechanical support, compared to the other reports.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2013

In this study, the frictional behaviors of articular cartilage against a Co-Cr alloy in two types of kinematic motions were compared. Cartilage pins were punched from the femoral condyles of porcine knee joints, and Co-Cr alloy disks were machined from orthopedic-grade rods and polished to a surface roughness ($R_a$) of 0.002. Friction tests were conducted by using a pin-on-disk-type tribotester in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) under pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 MPa. All tests were performed in the repeat pass rotational (ROT) and the linear reciprocal (RCP) sliding motions with the same sliding distance and speed of 50 mm/s. The coefficients of friction of the cartilage against the Co-Cr alloy increased with the sliding time in both kinematic motions for all contact pressures. The maximum coefficients of friction in RCP motion were 1.08, 2.82, and 1.96 times those in ROT motion for contact pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 MPa, respectively. As the contact pressure increased, the coefficients of friction gradually increased in RCP motion, whereas they decrease and then increased in ROT motion. The interaction between the directional change of the shear stress and the orientation of collagen fiber in the superficial layer of the cartilage could affect the change in the frictional behaviors of the cartilage. A large difference in the coefficients of friction between the two kinematic motions could be interpreted as differences in the directional change of shear stress at the contact surface.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2013

Background A cartilage wedge block and covering flap are standard procedures for firm elevation of the ear in microtia correction. However, using costal cartilage for elevation of the reconstructed auricle can be insufficient, and the fixed cartilage wedge block may be absorbed or may slip out. Furthermore, elevating covering flaps is time-consuming and uses up fascia, a potential source of reconstruction material. Therefore, we propose an innovative method using autologous onlay rib bone graft for auricular elevation of microtia. Methods From February 1995 to August 2012, 77 patients received a first stage operation with a rib cartilage framework graft. In the second stage operation, a small full thickness of rib bone was harvested through the previous donor scar. The bihalved rib bone was inserted into the subperiosteal pocket beneath the cartilage framework. Results The follow-up time ranged from 1 month to 17 years, with a mean of 3 years. All of the patients sustained the elevation of their ears very well during the follow-up period. Donor site problems, except for hypertrophic scars, were not observed. Surgery-related complications, specifically skin necrosis, infection, or hematoma, occurred in 4 cases. Conclusions Onlay rib bone graft used to elevate the reconstructed auricle is a more anatomically appropriate material than cartilage, due to the bone-to-bone contact between the bone graft and the temporal bone. Postoperative minor correction of the elevation degree is straightforward and the skin graft survives better. Therefore, reconstructed auricle elevation using onlay rib bone graft is a useful and valuable method.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2007

Osteoarthritis is characterized by cartilage degradation and chondrocytes death. Chondrocyte death is induced by the apotosis through special mechanisms including the activation of caspase-3. On the basis of this background, this study was designed to examine the cartilage protective and anti-apototic effects of Aralia Cordata in in vtro and in collagenase-induced arthritis rabbit model. To conduct in vitro study, chondrocytes culturedfrom rabbit knee joint were treated by 5 ng/ml IL-1a.For in vivo experiment, collagenase-induced arthritis (CIA) rabbit model was made via intraarticular injection with 0.25 ml of collagenase solution. Aralia cordata pharmacopuncture (ACP) was administrated on bilateral Dokbi acupoint (ST35) of rabbits at a dosage of 150 ${\mu}g/kg$ once a day for 28 days after the initiation of the CIA induction. In the study by using CIA rabbit model in vivo, ACP showed the inhibition of cartilage degradation in histological analysis. Aralia cordata also showed anti-apoptotic effect both in vitro and in vivo study. In chondrocytes treated by IL-1a, Aralia cordata inhibited caspase-3 activity and enhanced the proliferation of IL-1a-induced dedifferentiated chondrocytes. ACP showed the inhibition effect on the caspase-3 expression and activity from CIA rabbit model. This study indicates that ACP inhibits the cartilage destruction and the chondrocyte apotosis through downregulation of caspase-3 activity. These data suggest that ACP has a beneficial effect on preventing articular cartilage destruction in osteoarthrtis.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2005

Injury of articular cartilage can be classified into acute injury and chronic degenerative osteoarthritis Acute mechanical trauma on articular cartilage causes injuries that are divided into three distinct types based on the depth of injury: microdamage, chondral fracture, osteochondral fracture and each type has different potential of healing response and long-term prognosis. Articular cartilage undergoes degradation in response to a number of stimuli and eventually degenerative osteoarthritic changes will progress. The extent of initial injury to the articular cartilage is the most important factor affecting the long-term outcome of the healing response and other variables such as the size of lesion, site, age, activity level, obesity, limb alignment are also important factors. In this review, the pathophysiology that occurs within articular cartilage after different injuries and the effect of nonsurgical treatment mainly in physicochemical aspect and biological aspect will be discussed.

• Journal of KIISE
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.869-877
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose an automated segmentation method of femoral cartilage in knee MR images using multi-atlas-based locally-weighted voting. The proposed method involves two steps. First, to utilize the shape information to show that the femoral cartilage is attached to a femur, the femur is segmented via volume and object-based locally-weighted voting and narrow-band region growing. Second, the object-based affine transformation of the femur is applied to the registration of femoral cartilage, and the femoral cartilage is segmented via multi-atlas shape-based locally-weighted voting. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we compared the segmentation results of majority voting method, intensity-based locally-weighted voting method, and the proposed method with manual segmentation results defined by expert. In our experimental results, the newly proposed method avoids a leakage into the neighboring regions having similar intensity of femoral cartilage, and shows improved segmentation accuracy.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2014

Objectives The objective of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) on the articular cartilage injuries in rat model of osteoarthritis. Methods Articular cartilage injury was induced by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) (0.25 mg) into both knee joint cavities of rats. Rats were divided into control group (n=8) and Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) group (n=8), which was taken extracts of Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) by orally for 20 days. At the end of the experiment (20 days after MIA injection), gross and histopathological examinations on the articular structures of knee joints were performed. Proteoglycan (PG) content in articular cartilages was analyzed by safranin O staining method. And also, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) contents in synovial fluid were measured by ELISA method. Results 1. Grossly, the degree of articular cartilage injury in the Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) group was alleviated compared with the control group. 2. PG content in articular cartilage of the Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) group was increased significantly compared with the control group. 3. Histopathologically, osteoarthritic score of the Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) group was decreased significantly compared with the control group. 4. TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ content in synovial fluid of the Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) group was increased compared with the control group. But there was no significance. Conclusions On the basis of these results, we suggest that Banggi-eum (FangchiYin) have inhibiting effects on the progression of articular cartilage injury in MIA-induced osteoarthritis model.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.127-145
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Daeganghwal-tang on knee cartilage in monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods : Forty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=8/group): normal group was SD rats group injected with normal saline at left knee joint and administrated orally distilled water, control group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally distilled water, Indomethacin group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally indomethacin 2 mg/kg, DGHT(L) group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally 1280 mg/kg of Daeganghwal-tang, and DGHT(H) group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally 2560 mg/kg of Daeganghwal-tang. After orally administration of drugs for 4 weeks, gross appearance and histological analysis were used to evaluate the degree of knee cartilage damage. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, bone degrade factor and bone defence factors were analyzed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection effects of Daeganghwal-tang. Also, hematological test, biochemical test, and liver and kidney tissue were analyzed to determine the safety of Daeganghwal-tang. Results : Daeganghwal-tang inhibited the damage of the knee cartilage, and significantly prevented the reduction in cartilage thickness. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the bone degrade factor significantly decreased, and the bone defence factors significantly increased. In the safety assessment of Daeganghwal-tang, there were no significant differences among the experimental groups and no abnormal findings were observed. Conclusions : Daeganghwal-tang has anti-inflammatory effect, inhibits cartilage damage, and protects cartilage in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats.