• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.89-106
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• 2015

Objectives : The aims of this paper are finding the meaning of Yanluozi's visceral figures on the internal alchemy and searching the relevance of the internal alchemy and Oriental medicine. And we would like to compare Yanluozi's visceral figures and anatomical knowledge. Methods : The First, we have found existing researches of visceral figures. And then we have selected figures to need in-depth study. So we have compared visceral figures of huangdibashiyinanjingzuantujujie and Yanluozi's. And analyzed informations relationg to internal alchemy in the ten xiuzhen books of zazhujiejing 18th vol. And we were divided something to represent the anatomical knowledge and internal alchemic theories. Results & Conclusions : Visceral figures of huangdibashiyinanjingzuantujujie are that integrated and supplemented Yanluozi's figures. And those were draw a picture to express internal alchemy theories. Front visceral figure and rear visceral figure of both literatures were drawn based on the anatomical knowledge.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 2023

The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve, which innervates the legs and feet. Anatomical variations of this nerve at the ankle are commonly found. The variation of the tibial nerve in its branching point and cross-sectional area (CSA) at the ankle is commonly related to clinical condition such as foot neuropathy. Knowledge of these variations can support the clinician in making appropriate clinical decisions. This review aims at providing knowledge on the anatomical variations of tibial nerve at ankle, as well as its clinical correlation. This review outlined the variation of the terminal branching point and CSA of the tibial nerve at the ankle in cadaveric and clinical studies.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.430-434
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• 2015

Safety education at the tertiary level prepares students to enter construction industry with adequate safety knowledge; then accidents can be prevented proactively. However, safety subject has not been paid adequate attention in universities and most institutional safety programs consider safety matters in isolation. Meanwhile, anatomical theory in the medicine field has been successfully adopted and proved potential advantageous in various scientific disciplines. With this regard, this study proposes a visualization based Building Anatomy Model (BAM) for construction safety education, which utilizes the anatomical theory in order to improve student's safety knowledge and practical skill. This BAM consists of two modules: 1) Knowledge Acquisition Module (KAM) aims to deliver safety knowledge to students through building anatomy models; 2) Practical Experience Module (PEM) where students safely perform construction activities by using the system to improve safety skill. The system trial is validated with virtual scenarios derived from real accidents cases. This study emphasizes the visualization based building anatomy model would be a powerful pedagogical method to provide effectively safety knowledge and practical skill for students, as a result, safety competence of students would be enhanced.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2024

The origin and distribution of median nerve varies among the different individuals. The median nerve variations in axillary region were reported by many authors previously. Understanding of these variations is especially necessary for clinicians to prevent iatrogenic nerve damage. The current work aimed to evaluate the possible anatomical variations of median nerve in the axillary region in a sample of the Iranian cadavers (Shiraz, Fars). We dissected 26 upper limbs from 13 male cadavers to investigate the different variations of median and musculocutaneous nerves according to Venieratos and Anagnostopoulou classification. In 23.07% of specimens (n=6), the medial root united with 2 lateral roots and formed the median nerve proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle. In one case, a communicating branch separated from the musculocutaneous nerve distal to the coracobrachialis and connected to the median nerve in upper arm. Our results suggest that there are anatomical variations of the median nerve in terms of its origin and its communication with the musculocutaneous nerve in the population of southern Iran. The anatomical knowledge of the median nerve variations is important for clinicians to improve patient health outcome. Theses variations of the median nerve should be considered during surgical procedures of the axillary region and nerve block of the infra clavicular part of the brachial plexus.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2017

Objectives : This paper aims to shed light on the change in Korean medicine's anatomical awareness through reviewing the locations and the interrelationship between back acupoints, live, and spleen as revealed in Suwen Xueqixingzhipian. Methods : The locations of the back acupoints described in the Suwen Xueqixingzhipian were compared with the information found in Neijing annotations, Lingsu, and other books on acupuncture, and the location of liver and spleen were compared with the figures of internal organs found in pre-Northern Song Period texts and with Neijing's other chapters. Results : According to Taisu, the acupoint UB18 and UB20 as described in the back acupoints of Suwen Xueqixingzhipian are located left side and right side of human body respectively, and this knowledge derives from an accurate anatomical awareness of the locations of liver and spleen. Although such anatomical awareness found in Taisu, which was published in the Sui Dynasty, was unable to influence the 10th century Oh Dynasty's Yanluozi Neijingtu, it was gradually revised in Northern Song Period's Qixifan Wuzangtu and Cunzhentu through autopsies. However, the Theory of Five Elements which described as seen in the other chapters in Neijing or Tang Dynasty Wang Bing's annotation that liver is located at the left side of human body and spleen at the center exerted an immense influence over the subsequent generations' future doctors. Even though Taisu disappeared in Korea and China at the end of Southern Song period, the accurate anatomical knowledge with regards to the locations of viscera and entrails were passed down through medical texts such as Ming Dynasty's Yixuerumen. Conclusions : Suwen Xueqixingzhipian's awareness on the anatomical locations of liver and spleen only continued until the end of Southern Song period through Taisu. Because of this, it's anatomical awareness did not have a chance to gain much following like the Theory of Five Elements' point of view that were introduced in Wang Bing's annotations.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.105-113
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• 2012

Objectives : Acquiring information from symptoms is one of the important method to gain clinically available information in korean medicine. Therefore, up to now, study of symptom terms was frequently implemented in promotion of various information project. In data extraction methods using symptom information from DB, information search using synonym and method using ontology is studied and utilized. However, considering concept of symptom has essential information of appeared body area and phenomenon we think that extending synonym and ontology relationship in symptom terms can be useful for search and set to this study. Methods : We collect terms relevant to human body area and structure described in Donguibogam. Synonymous relationship between collected terms is organized. Relationship between collected terms is build to human-body-knowledge table which has form of Concept+Relation+Concept. Type of relationship is limited on a range of expressing content about parts of human body. Result & Conclusion : Search condition is generated automatically using relationship of the upper area in knowledge table contents. Information of next and previous acupuncture point, upper and lower acupuncture point, left and right acupuncture point can be searched using information of acupuncture point location, order, relative position in area, direction in knowledge table contents.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.566-569
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• 2023

Knowledge of anatomical variations is important so as to avoid potential iatrogenic injury or misdiagnosis on imaging. Here we report an unusual finding and relationship between the tibial nerve and popliteal vein. During the routine dissection of an adult cadaver, it was noted that a branch of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa pierced the most distal part of the popliteal vein. This unusual finding is described and relevant reports in the literature discussed. Our hopes are that such a report might help surgeons avoid injury to such a fenestrated popliteal vein and the tibial nerve branch traveling through it therefore decreasing patient morbidity.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 2023

Objectives : This paper investigates the background, meaning and origin of the descriptions of the Heart such as 'seven orifices', 'sanmao', 'saw-toothed four layered lines' that are unique to the diagram in the Donguibogam. Methods : First the Heart diagram of the Donguibogam was compared with other Zhangfu diagrams of the past. Materials related to unique features in the descriptions of the Heart in the Donguibogam were collected, against which descriptive features were analyzed. Results : Of the many unique features, the descriptive basis of the 'seven orifices' could be found in the Qixingban[七星板] as a physical entity reflecting basic anatomical knowledge. The 'sanmao', which is compared to the Santaixing[三台星], could be understood as a non-physical entity whose descriptive basis could be found in the Xinxuetu of the Xinching. It could be assumed that the 'saw-toothed four layered lines' are likened to the multi-layered petals or calyx of a lotus flower bud to describe the Pericardium, or to the multiple walls of a mountain fortress surrounding a palace to describe the Danzhong, which is the chest cavity. These features could be understood as results of spiritualism influence. Conclusions : It could be concluded that Heo Jun, in his attempt to describe the Heart in more detail than previous diagrams of the Zangfu, referenced popular texts and images based on anatomical knowledge of previous texts, added varied descriptions resulting in a new diagram with a completely different origin.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2023

Few studies have examined the basilar venous plexus (BVP) and to our knowledge, no previous study has described its histology. The present anatomical study was performed to better elucidate these structures. In ten cadavers, the BVP was dissected. The anatomical and histological evaluation of the intraluminal trabeculae within this sinus were evaluated. Once all gross measurements were made, the clivus and overlying BVP were harvested and submitted for histological analysis. A BVP was identified in all specimens and in each of these, intraluminal trabeculae were identified. The mean number of trabeculae per plexus was five. These were most concentrated in the upper half of the clivus and were more often centrally located. These septations traveled in a posterior to anterior direction and usually, from inferiorly to superiorly however some were noted to travel horizontally. In a few specimens the trabeculae had wider bases, especially on the posterior attachment to the meningeal layer of dura mater. More commonly, the trabeculae ended in a denticulate form at their two terminal ends. The trabeculae were on average were 0.85 mm in length. The mean width of the trabeculae was 0.35 mm. These septations were consistent with the cords of Willis as are found in the lumen of some of the other intradural venous sinuses. An understanding of the internal anatomy of the BVP can aid in our understanding of venous pathology. Furthermore, this knowledge will benefit patients undergoing interventional treatments that involve the BVP.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1993

The effect of Roentgen rays on carcinoma of the cervix has long been of great interest to both radiologists and gynecologists. Since most cervical carcinomas are treated by irradiation, any additional knowledge either concerning the radiosensitivity of cervical tumors or their ultimate prognosis would be of value. The vaginal smear is considered to be one of convenient and rapid methods to study the effects of radiation on cervical malignancy. We observed morphologic changes in 297 cytologic preparations obtained from 60 patients who had underwent irradiation for cancer of the cervix. With the morphologic parameters such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytoplasmic basophilia, multinucleated giant cell formation, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) sticking and postradiation dysplasia, we analyzed the findings in relation to the follow up time interval. The most common effect was the cytoplasmic vacuolization with basophilia of basaloid cells, which were noted in more than 90% of followed patients. The multinucleated giant ceil formation and PMNL stickering were noted in 38 cases(63%) and 48 cases(80% ) respectively. The differential diagnosis of postradiation dysplasia from recurrent or persistent carcinoma, reparative atypical cells, and regressing tumor cells was difficult and further study seems to be needed to clarify the more accurate morphologic features and biologic behavior.