• 대한약리학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 1982

Yeum et al. formulated a new hot-plate method using the threshold temperature, and there are some controversies on the effects of naloxone and diazepam on the antinociceptive action. In this paper, the comparison of three methods registering analgesic activity and the application of the new hot-plate method formulated by Yeum et al. on the study of the influences of naloxone and diazepam on the analgesic effect of morphine were tried in male mice. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) The least-square regression lines of the morphine analgesia plotted against log-dose showed the correlation coefficient of above 0.90, but the competitive antagonism produced by naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) against the analgesia was more prominently demonstated by the new hot-plate method than the other methods: original hot-plate method and electrical stimulation method. 2) In the experiment using the new hot-plate method, the log dose-response curve of morphine (y=7.30 x+49.80, r=0.998) was shifted to the right by the pretreatment of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg), but was slightly shifted to the left by the pretreatment of diazepam (2.5 mg/kg). This study suggests that for the analgesia experiment, the new hot-plate method is superior to the original hot-plate method or the electrical stimulation method, and that the potentiative effect of diazepam on the morphine anagesia is not significant.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2015

Objective : Neuropathic pain causes patients feel indescribable pain. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is one of the treatment methods in neuropathic pain but the action mechanism is still unclear. To study the effect and mechanism of analgesic effects from DBS in neuropathic pain and to enhance the analgesic effect of DBS, we stimulated the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) in rats. Methods : To observe the effect from VPL stimulation, we established 3 groups : normal group (Normal group), neuropathic pain group (Pain group) and neuropathic pain+DBS group (DBS group). Rats in DBS group subjected to electrical stimulation and the target is VPL. Results : We observed the behavioral changes by DBS in VPL (VPL-DBS) on neuropathic pain rats. In our study, the pain score which is by conventional test method was effectively decreased. In specific, the time of showing withdrawal response from painful stimulation which is not used measuring method in our animal model was also decreased by DBS. Conclusion : The VPL is an effective target on pain modulation. Specifically we could demonstrate changes of pain response duration which is not used, and it was also significantly meaningful. We thought that this study would be helpful in understanding the relation between VPL-DBS and neuropathic pain.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.249-273
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• 1997

Hyunggyeyungyotang has been used for treatment of sinusitis and otitis media in oriental medicine since ancient times. It is reported that Hyunggyeyungyotang has good effects on inflammatory and allergic diseases of otorhinolaryngology in clinical medicine. Kamihyunggyeyungyotang was made by adding several herbs to Hyunggyeyungyotang which has such good effects. To investigate the effects of Hyunggyeyungyotang and Kamihyunggyeyungyotang on inflammatory, algesic and allergic diseases, the author examined the analgesic effect by acetic acid reaction, studied the anti-inflammatory effect through the experiments of the protein thermo-denaturation and circumscribed edema. Besides researched the anti-allergic effect through the vascular permeability response to Chemical Mediator and the delayed type hypersensitivity response to Picryl Chloride. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. In the analgesic effect of Hyunggyeyungyotang and Kamihyunggyeyungyotang extract by acetic acid method, both of the sample groups showed the analgesia, but didn't show useful effect. 2. In the anti-inflammatory effect on the protein thermo-denaturation, the sample groups revealed the inhibitory effect in proportion to concentration as compared with the control group. 3. In the inhibitory action on circumscribed edema induced by Caraggeenin, both of Hyunggyeyungyotang and Kamihyunggyeyungyotang administration showed the significant effect after 4 hours in comparison to the control group. 4. In the delayed type hypersensitivity response to Picryl Chloride, both of the sample groups revealed the significant effects. 5. Both of the sample groups decreased the vascular permeability induced by Histamine in comparison with the control group, but the significancy was admitted in only Hyunggyeyungyotang administration. According to above results, Hyunggyeyungyotang and Kamihyunggyeyungyotang are considered to be used for treament of the inflammatory diseases including sinusitis.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.21-43
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• 2006

This study was designed to assess Effects of jingansikpungtanggagam-bang on Central Nerve System. Method : jingansikpungtanggagam-bang, a Korean traditional prescription, was evaluated for its anticonvulsant effect, hypnotic activity, analgesic action, anxiolytic effect, memory enhancement, and MAO inhibitory activity and detennined the content of neurotransmitter in brain by HPLC method. Result : 1. The extract increased potently anticonvulsant effect at 1g/kg by 5.6-fold extention of onset time against control group. 2. The extract increased hvrmsis at 500mg/kg by over twofold length of sleeping time compared to control. 3. The extract showed a significant analgesic effect with 86.0% inhibition on writhing frequency at 500mg/kg by phenylquinone-induced writhing test. 4. The extract inhibited dose-dependently the activity of monoamine oxidase in vitro. 5. This prescription increased the brain levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid by 3.3% and 1.4%, respectively. 6. the extract exhibited the anxiolytic effect with 21.3% decrease of the immobility duration against control group. 7. the extract enhanced memory recovery on scopolamine-induced impairment of passive avoidance performance at 1g/kg pretreatment with 20.2% increase of latency time. Conclusion : The result sugguest that jiugansikpungtanggagam-bang can be used effectively as a sedative prescription in Korean traditional medicine.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Background: Curcumin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, and antinociceptive activity when administered systemically. We investigated the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal curcumin in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared for intrathecal catheterization. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, $50{\mu}l$) into the hind paw. Curcumin doses of 62.5, 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g$were delivered through an intrathecal catheter to examine the flinching responses. The $ED_{50}$ values (half-maximal effective dose) with 95% confidence intervals of curcumin for both phases of the formalin test were calculated from the dose-response lines fitted by least-squares linear regression on a log scale. Results: In rats with intrathecal administration of curcumin, the flinching responses were significantly decreased in both phases. The slope of the regression line was significantly different from zero only in phase 2, and the $ED_{50}$ value (95% confidence interval) of curcumin was $511.4{\mu}g$ (23.5-1126.5). There was no apparent abnormal behavior following the administration of curcumin. Conclusions: Intrathecal administration of curcumin decreased inflammatory pain in rats, and further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanism of spinal action of curcumin is warranted.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.151-163
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• 2024

Background: Galangin, commonly employed in traditional Chinese medicine for its diverse medicinal properties, exhibits potential in treating inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups for 7 days: a normal control group, a galangin-treated (25 and 50 mg/kg), and a positive control celecoxib (20 mg/kg). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test, formalin-induced paw licking test, and carrageenan-induced paw swelling test. The interplay between galangin, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), NF-κB, COX-2, and TNF-α proteins was evaluated via molecular docking. COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in serum were measured using ELISA after capsaicin administration (200 nmol/L). TRPV1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion was analyzed by Western blot. The quantities of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were assessed using qPCR. Results: Galangin reduced hot plate-induced licking latency, acetic acid-induced contortions, carrageenan-triggered foot inflammation, and capillary permeability in mice. It exhibited favorable affinity towards TRPV1, NF-κB, COX-2, and TNF-α, resulting in decreased levels of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum following capsaicin stimulation. Galangin effectively suppressed the upregulation of TRPV1 protein and associated receptor neuropeptides CGRP and SP mRNA, while concurrently inhibiting the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2, and PGE2 mRNA. Conclusions: Galangin exerts its anti-inflammatory pain effects by inhibiting TRPV1 activation and regulating COX-2, NF-κB/TNF-α expression, providing evidence for the use of galangin in the management of inflammatory pain.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of eugenol, capsaicin and demethoxy-NE. Young adult cats, weighing 2.0 to 3.0kg, were used. Each animal was anesthetized (${\alpha}$-chloralose 60mg per kg body weight) and divided into four groups; control, eugenol, capsaicin and demethoxy-NE group. The anterior digastric muscles were exposed and a pair of electrodes was inserted to record the electromyograms. To expose the pulp, each canine teeth was prepared with a low speed bur under cooling and used for recording anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp. To observe effects on jaw opening reflex, inferior alveolar nerve of both sides were exposed for drug application and wire electrodes were inserted in anterior digstric muscle for recording the EMGs. To observe effects on action potential, saphenous nerves of both sides were exposed and three tissue pools were made from surrounding tissue. The most distal pool was used for applying stimulation, the most proximal one for recording of action potential, and the other one for drug application. One side of inferior alveolar nerve and saphenous nerve were used for eugenol, capsaicin, or demethoxy-NE application, the other side of nerve for control experiments(only vehicle application). Anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp were recorded before drug application, immediate after drug application, at 60 and 120 minutes, and 5 days after drug application. Action potentials were recorded before drug application, immediate after 30 minutes drug application, at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after drug had been washed out. The results were as follows; 1. Eugenol had a continuous blocking effect on the anterior digastric muscular EMGs evoked by noxious pulp stimulation and after 5 days, showed completely blocking effect. 2. After 5 days, demethoxy-NE applied to dental pulp had a considerable blocking effect on the jaw opening retlex evoked by noxious stimulation but capsaicin had no significant effect. 3. After 5 days, eugenol group showed the strongest blocking effect among the all experimental groups on the jaw opening reflex evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp and capsaicin group showed the weakest blocking effect. 4. Eugenol had a completely blocking effect on the action potential conductivity of peripheral nerve. Capsaicin and demethoxy-NE had the blocking effect on the action potential conductivity of ${\alpha}$-and C-nerve fibers. 5. Capsaicin, demethoxy-NE and eugenol applied to inferior alveolar nerve surppressed the jaw opening reflex evoked by noxious stimulation of dental pulp.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2003

Objective: It makes a through study on the popularization and usefulness paln of Moxa Combustion, therefore popularizing practical use of that. Methods: It was based on the established treatises and books, in order to studying about the literature of Moxa Combustion Results & Conclusions: It makes a through study on the whole of Moxa Combustion, the results as follows. 1. We explained(illustrated) the origin, history, classification and mechanism(effect) of Moxa Combustion 2. The study of standardization plan of Moxa Combustion for popularization - The thermal stimulation of Moxa Combustion was decided the characteristic pattern of combustion temperature by moxa burning and that makes a measure to grasp the effective action of Moxa Combustion upon human body. Thereupon it is necessary to continue further studies by analysing the characteristic pattern of combustion temperature by moxa burning and there clinical effects in practice. 3. The usefulness of Moxa Combustion - The therapeutic effect of Moxa Combustion are hematopoiesis(increase the blood), analgesic function, increase the immunity, antioxidant activity, diuretic action, control of hormone(endocrine gland), supression of carcinogenesis, increase the self involution(natural healing), decrease of GOT/GPT, Glucose, Cholesterol level.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.211-219
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• 1993

The general and some pharmacological actions of DWP 302 were investigated in animals and the following results were obtained. In central nervous system, DWP 302 had no effects on the pentobarbital induced anaesthesia, locomotor activity, rotarod test, traction test, analgesic action in the mice and body temperature in the rat. DWP 302 showed no depressive action on the convulsion induced by strychnine and electronic shock. From these results, DWP 302 was considered to have no or little pharmacological effect on the central nervous system. Furthermore, DWP 302 had no influences on the normal blood pressure and heart rate. In the isolated ileum of guinea pig, DWP 302 showed neither contractive nor relaxing effects against the acetylcholine ($10^{-6}g/mι$), histamine ($10^{-6}g/mι$) and $BaCl_2$ ($10^{-4}g/mι$) at a concentration of $1.9{\times}10^{-4}g/mι$ in bath. But it caused a slight increase in basal tone at a concentration of $6.3{\times}10^{-4}g/mι$ and this effect was inhibited by atropine $10^{-7}g/mι.$ In the isolated trachea and vas deference, DWP 302 showed no effect on the contractions produced by histamine and norepinephrine, respectively. And DWP 302 showed no effect on the contractions produced by acetylcholine and oxytocin in the isolated nonpregnant rat uterus. DWP 302 had no effect on bile excretion, urine volume, pH and gastrointestinal motility, But, DWP 302 showed a significant inhibitory effect on gastric secretion in the rat.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2018

All drugs have both favorable therapeutic and untoward adverse effects. Conventional opioid analgesics possess both analgesia and adverse reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression. The opioid ligand binds to ${\mu}$ opioid receptor and non-selectively activates two intracellular signaling pathways: the G protein pathway induce analgesia, while the ${\beta}$-arrestin pathway is responsible for the opioid-related adverse reactions. An ideal opioid should activate the G protein pathway while deactivating the ${\beta}$-arrestin pathway. Oliceridine (TRV130) has a novel characteristic mechanism on the action of the ${\mu}$ receptor G protein pathway selective (${\mu}$-GPS) modulation. Even though adverse reactions (ADRs) are significantly attenuated, while the analgesic effect is augmented, the some residual ADRs persist. Consequently, a G protein biased ${\mu}$ opioid ligand, oliceridine, improves the therapeutic index owing to increased analgesia with decreased adverse events. This review article provides a brief history, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and ADRs of oliceridine.