• 유기물자원화
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2018

가수분해반응에서 율속 단계가 되어 수리학적 체류시간이 길어지고 처리 효율이 떨어지며 불안정한 처리 및 대규모 소화조 크기에 문제가 발생한다. 따라서 처리효율을 높이기 위해서는 하수 슬러지를 방해하는 요소들에 대해 혐기성 소화를 최소화하기 위한 전처리가 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 폐수 처리공정에서 초음파 및 알칼리 처리를 이용한 하수 슬러지의 분해 및 전처리효과를 검토하였다. 초음파 및 알칼리 전처리를 사용한 폐활성슬러지에 대한 혐기성 생분해도 분석결과 지체기의 시간이 감소하는 동안 누적 메탄 생산 및 메탄 생성 속도가 증가하였다. 따라서 초음파 및 알칼리 전처리를 이용한 하수 슬러지의 전처리는 율속단계를 작용하는 가수분해단계에서 지체기를 포함한 반응 시간을 줄이고 메탄 생산 속도 및 최종 메탄 수율을 증가시켜 효과적으로 가속화할 수 있다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 1999

축산폐수의 효율적 처리와 최적 메탄발생을 위하여 AF 그리고 이단의 ASBF-PR과 ASBF-SP 실험실적 생물반응기를 구성하고 $35^{\circ}C$ 항온조에서 수리학적체류시간 $1{\sim}2$일 그리고 유기물부하 $1.1{\sim}63kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$까지 연속 운전하여 처리효율을 비교, 분석하였다. 하수종말처리장의 혐기성 소화조 잉여 슬러지에 의한 혐기성 생물반응기의 식종은 효과적이었으며, 적응 기간은 약 40일 정도가 소요되었다. 생물반응기는 COD 제거율 $66.4{\sim}84.9$% 그리고 바이오 가스 발생량은 제거된 COD 기준 $0.333{\sim}0.796m^3/kg-COD{\cdot}d$. 으로 축산폐수의 처리에 효율적이었으며 유입 COD의 증가와 수리학적체류시간의 감소에 의한 유기물부하 증가의 경우 COD 제거율은 감소하고 바이오가스 발생량은 증가하였다. 높은 유기물부하에서 AF와 ASBF-PR의 처리효율은 비슷하였으며 ASBF-SP보다 우수하였다. 생물반응기에 충진된 미디어의 공극율과 공극의 크기가 비표면적에 비교하여 유기물질 제거능력 향상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유입수 TKN 농도가 $1,540{\sim}1,870mg/L$ 범위에서 메탄발효 미생물의 활동은 저해영향을 받아 생물반응기의 처리효율과 바이오가스 발생량은 각각 50% 이하로 감소되는 것으로 나타났으므로 혐기성 소화가 축산폐수의 처리에 주 공정으로 응용된다면 전처리에 의한 TKN의 제거는 필수적이다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

유기성폐기물의 처리 방식은 친환경적이고 지속가능한 에너지 회수 및 슬러지 발생량의 저감이 가능한 혐기성 소화를 통한 에너지화로 전환되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PFR 흐름(Plug Flow Reactor)과 수직 다단형 구조로 고농도 고형분과 높은 유기물 부하에 견딜 수 있도록 개발된 ECOPAD(ECOdays' Plug-flow Anaerobic Digster) 혐기성 소화 공법의 음식물 폐기물과 도계폐수에 대한 적용성과 효율을 파악하였다. 적용사례별 ECOPAD의 처리효율을 분석한 결과 P시와 S시의 음식물 폐기물 처리시설의 유기물 제거효율은(VS 기준 P시 84%, S시 88%) 였으며, 이때 발생하는 바이오가스량(P시: $1.1Nm^3/kg$-VSrem, S시 $1.0Nm^3/kg$-VSrem)과 메탄가스의 함유량(P시 70%, S시 71%)은 유사하게 측정되었다. 도계 폐수 슬러지의 경우 VS당 가스발생량은 $1.6Nm^3/kg$-VSrem로 측정되었으며, 메탄 함량은69%로 측정되었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2003

본 연구는 혐기성 소화를 이용한 음식물쓰레기와 하수슬러지 병합처리를 위한 음식물쓰레기 전처리 공정 방안을 모색하기 위하여 수행되었다. 음식물쓰레기 전처리 공정에 따른 음식물쓰레기 단위 공정별 성상 변화와 산발효조 적정 투여 기초조사 및 음식물쓰레기와 하수슬러지 혼합비 특성변화를 통한 산발효조의 효율 향상방안을 검토하였다. 연구결과, 음식물쓰레기의 구성성분은 대부분이 곡류와 채소류로 산발효 공정에서 유기산으로 전환될 가능성이 충분한 것으로 판단되며, 산발효조 투입시 TS의 적정한 범위를 위한 음식물쓰레기와 희석수의 비율은 1:5가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 음식물쓰레기 분쇄 후 입도 분포 특성을 고려할 때 약 8mm 이하의 입자가 적합하며, 음식물쓰레기와 하수슬러지 슬러지의 혼합비는 3:7 이하가 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.737-743
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• 1999

A conventional thermophilic anaerobic digester was converted into a thermophilic high-rate hybrid anaerobic reactor (THAR) for treating distillery wastewater. The THAR has been operating successfully since May 1995 at a loading rate of 5.45 to $11.52{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$ (maximum of 15.02). The THAR has demonstrated a soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (sCOD) removal efficiency of 85 to 91% and a total COD (tCOD) removal efficiency of as much as 72 to 84%. Product gas had a methane content of 59 to 68%. The tCOD removal rates were 4.31 to 5.43, 6.26 to 6.89, and 9.03 to $9.78kg{\;}tCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. The sCOD removal rates ranged from 3.75 to 4.79,3.28 to 4.89, and 5.57 to 6.21kg $sCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. There were unknown substances in a naked-barley distillery wastewater that were identified as being toxic for microorganisms. However, the THAR treated naked-barley wastewater continuously for 26 days, operating at an average tCOD loading of $11.08{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$without any signs of deterioration in either COD removal efficiency or gas production rate. During this period, the average removal efficiencies of tCOD and sCOD were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the gas production rate averaged 6.61 to $7.57{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.57 to $0.69{\;}\textrm{m}^3{\;}biogas/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$. From tapioca and com wastewater, the reactor showed an average gas production rate of 3.18 to 3.46 and 4.91 to $5.22{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.53 to 0.69 and 0.62 to $0.71{\;}\textrm{m}^3/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$, respectively.

• 태양에너지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 1998

A 5 ton/day pilot scale two-phase anaerobic digester was constructed and tasted to treat Korean food wastes in Anyang city. The process was developed based on 3 years of lab-scale experimental results on am optimim treatment method for the recovery of biogas and humus. Problems related to food waste are ever Increasing quantity among municipal solid wastes(MSW) and high moisture and salt contents. Thus our food waste produces large amounts of leachate and bed odor in landfill sites which are being exhausted. The easily degradable presorted food waste was efficiently treated in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The waste contained in plastic bags was shredded and then screened for the removal of inert material such as fabrics and plastics, and subsequently put into the two-stage reactors. Heavy and light inerts such as bones, shells, spoons and plastic pieces were again removed by gravity differences. The residual organic component was effectively hydrolyzed and acidified in the first reactor with 5 days space time at pH of about 6.5. The second, methanization reactor part of which is filled with anaerobic fillters, converted the acids into methane with pH between 7.4 to 7.8. The space time for the second reactor was 15 days. The effluent from the second reactor was recycled to the first reactor to provide alkalinities. The process showed stable steady state operation with the maximum organic rate of 7.9 $kgVS/m^3day$ and the volatile solid reduction efficiency of about 70%. The total of 3.6 tons presorted MSW containing 2.9 tons of food organic was treated to produce about $230m^3$ of biogas with 70% of methane and 80kg humus. This process is extended to full scale treating 15 tons of food waste a day in Euiwang city and the produced biogas is utilized for the heating/cooling of adjacent buildings.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.382-389
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• 2013

Propionate is an important intermediate product during the methane fermentation of organic matter, and its degradation is crucial for maintaining the performance of an anaerobic digester. In order to understand the effect of temperature on propionate degradation, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with synthetic wastewater containing propionate as a sole carbon source was introduced. Under the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h and influent propionate of 2,000 mg/l condition, propionate removal was above 94% at 30-$35^{\circ}C$, whereas propionate conversion was inhibited when temperature was suddenly decreased stepwise from $30^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$, to $20^{\circ}C$, and then to $18^{\circ}C$. After a long-term operation, the propionate removal at $25^{\circ}C$ resumed to the value at 30- $35^{\circ}C$, whereas that at $20^{\circ}C$ and $18^{\circ}C$ was still lower than the value at $35^{\circ}C$ by 8.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Microbial community composition analysis showed that Syntrophobacter and Pelotomaculum were the major propionate-oxidizing bacteria (POB), and most POB had not changed with temperature decrease in the UASB. However, two POB were enriched at $18^{\circ}C$, indicating they were low temperature tolerant. Methanosaeta and Methanospirillum were the dominant methanogens in this UASB and remained constant during temperature decrease. Although the POB and methanogenic composition hardly changed with temperature decrease, the specific $COD_{Pro}$ removal rate of anaerobic sludge (SCRR) was reduced by 21.4%-46.4% compared with the control ($35^{\circ}C$) in this system.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2011

실록산은 유기규소화합물로서 혐기성소화조에서 생산되는 바이오가스로 휘발되며, 이러한 실록산은 바이오가스로 이용되는 가스 연소 엔진 고장의 원인이 된다. 따라서, 바이오가스 내의 실록산을 저감시킬 수 있는 방안이 필요하며 우선적으로 실록산의 발생특성에 대한 조사가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 음식물류폐기물폐수의 혐기성소화조에서 발생되는 바이오가스에 함유되어 있는 실록산의 농도 특성을 조사하였다. 총 실록산의 농도는 평균적으로 $9.5mg\;siloxane/m^3$로 나타났으며, 고리 구조 D4의 실록산 농도는 $4.0mg\;siloxane/m^3$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 고리구조 및 선형구조 실록산의 농도는 각각 D4>D5>D6 및 L4>L3>L5>L2의 순서로 나타났다. 1월 2월 및 3월의 실록산 농도 측정 결과에서 1월의 총 실록산 농도가 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 3월의 총 실록산 농도가 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.229-234
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• 2008

Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) has started the nation's first biogas-microturbine project in the city of Gongju as an effort to encourage the utilization of wasted biogas containing useful energy source in the form of $CH_4$. The goal of the project is to set up the biogas microturbine co-generation system for utilizing biogas as an energy source and improving the economics of the wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater treatment processes were investigated in depth to find improvement possibility. Changes in internal recirculation ratio and pre-treatment degree are needed to optimize plant operation and biogas production. Biogas pre-treatment system satisfies Capstone's fuel condition requirement with the test result of 99.9% and 90.2% of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia is removal performance. Installation of microturbine and manufacture of heat exchanger to warm anaerobic digester has been done successfully. Expected economic profit produced by the system is coming from energy saving including electricity 115,871kWh/year and heat contained in exhaust gas 579GJ/year.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.175.1-175.1
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• 2011

A rotating activated bacillus contactor (RABC) process with a series of aerobic reactors was tested in pilot scale to treat digested liquid from an anaerobic digester treating swine wastewater and sewage sludge. The influent (digested liquid) for the RABC process showed C/N ratios less than 2 as a typical feature of effluent from anaerobic digesters. The pilot process, which consists of three 3 RABC reactors, four aerobic tanks and a sedimentation tank, was operated for 210 days with a hydraulic retention time of 20 days without pH and temperature control. Since the Bacillus-enriched aerobic reactors shows high efficiencies of nitrogen removal at low DO levels less than 1.0 mg/L, they were operated at reduced aeration intensities. With relatively low concentrations of organics in comparison with nitrogen concentrations, the RABC process tested in this study showed stable and high nitrogen and organics removal efficiencies over 80%. The nitrogen removal process tested in this study was proven to be an effective and operation-cost saving (lower aeration) method to remove nitrogen without adding external carbon sources to meet the optimum C/N ratio.