• 분석과학
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2017

Anabolic steroids have similar structures to testosterone, both of which promote the growth of muscle mass and increase strength. However, the side effects of anabolic steroid use may lead to heart attacks or strokes. Additionally, the excessive use of steroids inhibits the production of the sex hormones in the body via a negative feedback loop, which results in testicular atrophy in males and amenorrhea in females. Currently, the method of choice used to test for the presence of anabolic steroids is GC-MS. However, GC-MS methods require chemical derivatization of the steroid sample to ensure compatibility with the analytical method; therefore, analysis of many different samples is difficult and time consuming. Unlike GC-MS, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) method is suitable for many samples. Twenty-two different anabolic steroids were analyzed by LC-Q-TOF-MS with various collision energies (CE). Accurate mass spectral data were obtained using a Q-TOF-MS equipped with an electro-spray ionization source and operated in the positive MS/MS mode for several classes of steroids that are often the targets of testing. Based on the collected data, fragmentation pathways were carefully elucidated. The high selectivity and sensitivity of the LC-Q-TOF-MS instrument combined with these fragmentation pathways offers a new approach for the rapid and accurate screening of anabolic steroids. The obtained data from the 22 different anabolic steroids will be shared with the scientific community in order to establish a library to aid in the screening of illegal anabolic steroids.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.3-7
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• 1998

The aim of the present investigation was to see whether an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP), exerts protienanabolic effects under such adverse nutritional conditions as protein deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition in male rats. feeding on a low-protein (8% casein) diet resulted in a marked reduction in body weight gain that was associated with reductions in body protein and protein content of gastrocnemius muscle. Administration of NPP (4 mg/kg body weight) did not alter muscle and body protein depletion induced by a low-protein diet. 50% food restriction caused reductions in body protein and in protein content of gastrocnemius muscle. These reductions were partially prevented by NPP (4 mg/kg body weight). Food restriction did not affect plasma concentration of corticosterone, insulin, or tetosterone plus dihydrotestosterone. On the other hand, neither plasma concentration of corticosterone nor insulin were affected by NPP. The present results show that anabolic steroids do not express anabolic effects under conditions of protein deficiency, but in protein-energy malnutrition, anabolic steroids exert their anabolic effects even in male rats.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.406-413
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• 1997

현재 시행되고 있는 GC/MS를 이용한 금지 약물 분석법을 이용하여 신체의 성장, 분화 및 대사에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하고 있으며, 근육 강화제의 복용이 체내 농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려진 내인성 스테로이드의 동시 분석 조건을 설정하였다. 그 결과 72.33%~94.54%의 회수율을 얻었으며, within-a day 및 day-to-day 분석에서의 RSD 값은 각각 1.43%∼10.86%, 0.96%∼9.98%로 측정되었다. 이 방법을 이용하여 9가지 근육 강화제를 정상인에게 투여한 후, 시간에 따라 소변으로 배설되는 근육 강화제의 농도와 8종의 주요 내인성 스테로이드의 농도를 동시에 정량함으로서, 한국인을 기준으로한 근육 강화제의 농도 변화에 따른 내인성 스테로이드의 농도 및 그들간의 농도 비율의 변화 경향을 조사하였다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2023

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used illegally to enhance muscle development and increase strength and power. In this study, a reliable, and sensitive quantitative method was developed and validated using heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride (HFPA) derivatives for the simultaneous detection of prohibited AAS (testosterone [TS], boldenone [BD], 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol [EAD]) using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). For processing the samples, solid phase extraction, methanolic hydrolysis, and liquid-liquid extraction were used. For detection using mass spectrometry, the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used with the electron ionization (EI) positive mode. The method was evaluated for selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantification, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, and stability. The results showed that the method was accurate and reproducible for the quantitation of the three steroids. The developed method was finally applied to the analysis of a suspect gelding urine sample received from the Asian Quality Assurance Program (AQAP).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.57-60
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• 2017

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is characterized by mucocutaneous tenderness and typical hemorrhagic erosions, erythema and epidermal detachment presenting as blisters and areas of denuded skin. SJS is often observed after drug use as well as after bacterial or viral infections. Several drugs are at high risk of inducing SJS, but there are no cases in the English literature regarding anabolic steroid use triggering SJS. In our paper, we describe a case in which use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) was associated with SJS. The patient participated in competitive body-building and regularly took variable doses of AAS. Initial symptoms (headache, weakness, pharyngodynia, and fever) were ignored. After a week he presented to the Emergency Department with a burning sensation on the mouth, lips, and eyes. Painful, erythematous, maculopapular, and vesicular lesions appeared all over the body, including on the genitals. During hospitalization, he also developed a cardiac complication. The patient had not taken any drugs except AAS.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2011

The misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids is of particular concern in sports and society. Thus, it is of great importance to discriminate endogenous steroids such as testosterone or testosterone prohormones from their chemically identical synthetic copies. In this study, gas chromatography-combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometric (GC-C/IRMS) method has been developed and validated for discriminating the origin of anabolic androgenic steroids. The method involves the solid-phase extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis with ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, HPLC-fractionation for the cleanup and analysis by GC-C/IRMS. The difference(${\Delta}^{13}C$) of urinary ${\delta}^{13}C$ values between synthetic analogues and endogenous reference compounds (ERC) by GC-C/IRMS was used to elucidate the origin of steroids, and intra- and inter-day precision, specificity and isotope fractionation were evaluated. The present GC-C/IRMS method combined with HPLC cleanup was accurate and reproducible enough to be successfully applied to the test of urine sample from suspected anabolic steroid abusers.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2017

Androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone with a common structure containing cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Their use enhances the muscle building capacity and is beneficial during performance. The AASs are one of the most abused group of substances in horse doping. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ($LC/MS^n$) has been successfully applied to the detection of anabolic steroids in biological samples. However, the saturated hydroxysteroids viz: nandrolone, $5{\alpha}-estrane-3{\beta}$, $17{\alpha}-diol$ exhibit lower detection responses in electrospray ionisation (ESI) because of their poor ionisation efficiency. To overcome this limitation pre-column chemical derivatization has been introduced to enhance their detection responses in $LC-ESI-MS^n$ analysis. The aim of present study was to develop a sensitive method for identification and confirmation of nandrolone and its metabolite in horse urine incorporating pre-column derivatization using picolinic acid. The method consists of extraction of targeted steroid conjugates by solid phase extraction (SPE). The eluted steroid conjugates were hydrolysed by methanolysis and free steroids were recovered with liquid-liquid extraction. The resulting steroids were derivatized to form picolinoyl esters and identification was done using LC-ESI-MS/MS in positive ionization mode. The picolinated steroid adduct enhanced the detection levels in comparison to underivatized steroids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.874-880
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• 1996

The effects of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate(NPP), on body weight gain and body protein, and muscle protein metabolism were inestigated in adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)-treated male and female rats. Daily injections of 100ug/day of ACTH for 7-8 days caused a cessation of growth in females and a net loss of body weight in males which were associated with significant reductions in body protein content. However, food intake was not affected by ACTH in either sex. The weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured in vivo, of gastrocnemius muscle were all significantly reduced in both sexes. NPP at a dose of 4mg/kg body weight prevented the reduction in body weight gain in ACTH-treate females but not in males. However, boy protein content was increased by NPP in both sexes which was associated with increases in the weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis of gastrocnemius muscle. ACTH treatment caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of corticosterone in both sexes. NPP suppressed much of the increases in corticosterone concentrations in both sexes. The results of the present study suggest that NPP exerts at least part of its anabolic effect by reducing plasma concentrations of catabolic glucocorticoid hormones, through suppressing the response of the adrenals to ACTH.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.842-850
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• 2010

성호르몬은 근육의 발달(아나볼릭 효과)에 관여하는 것으로 잘 알려져 왔으며 인체의 치료제로 넓게 사용되고 있다. 돼지고기에는 주로 성선(정소와 난소)에서 생산되어 고기에 축적된 다양한 아나볼릭 효과를 나타내는 성호르몬이 많이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 돼지고기에 존재하는 아나볼릭 스테로이드를 추출하여 근육세포의 증식과 분화에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 돼지의 각 조직으로부터 아나볼릭 스테로이드를 추출하는 3가지 방법(M1, M2, M3)을 개발하였다. 3가지 모든 추출방법에서 아나볼릭 스테로이드가 추출되었으며 특히 M3에서 조직 1g당 가장 많은 양을 획득할 수 있었다. M3를 이용하여 아나볼릭 스테로이드를 추출했을 때 돼지고기의 근육과 지방에서는 스테로이드 호르몬 양이 수컷에서 가장 높았고, 혈청에서는 nandrolone 과 testosterone의 양은 수컷에서 가장 높았으며, estrone와 $17{\beta}$-estradiol의 양은 비슷하였다. 근육세포 증식은 돼지 아나볼릭 스테로이드의 농도 의존적으로 촉진되었으며, M3에서 가장 빠르게 증식되었다. 근육세포의 분화는 추출된 아나볼릭 스테로이드 처리구가 대조구보다 더 효과적으로 분화가 잘 되는 것을 세포 모양과 유전자(AR, myoD, desmin, myogenin)를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 M3에서 추출된 아나볼릭 스테로이드에서 myogenin과 AR 유전자가 유의적으로 높게 발현되었다(p<0.001). 전체적으로 돼지의 아나볼릭 스테로이드는 근육세포의 성장과 분화를 촉진하였다. 따라서 돼지고기에 있는 아나볼릭 스테로이드의 섭취를 통해 인체 근육의 성장과 발달에 긍정적 효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.155-168
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• 1999

Osteoporosis is one of the most important public health problems facing the aging population. Drug therapy for osteoporosis can be divided operationally into two main categories: drugs that inhibit bone resorption, and thus reduce bone turnover, and those that stimulate bone formation, exerting an anabolic effect. Antiresorptive agents such as estrogens, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates are most effective in the prevention of osteoporosis. Formation-stimulating agents such as sodium fluoride or monofluorophosphate, parathyroid hormone fragments, and anabolic steroids are of potential value in the treatment of established osteoporosis, where bone mass is already low and benefit from antiresorptive drugs is likely to be small Recently, raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has become available in various countries for clinical use in the treatment of involutional osteoporsis. This paper will review the use of these drugs in postmenopausal woman.