• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1281-1291
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• 2023

Infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) pose a critical concern for medical institutions as they can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, amygdalin exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as other potentials. However, whether it could influence the drug-resistant E. coli-infected cells remained unanswered. Amygdalin was therefore tested in a cellular model in which human macrophages were exposed to resistant E. coli. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Western immunoblotting and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to quantify interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was detected by ROS kit. The expression of pan-apoptotic proteins in macrophages was measured by qRT-PCR and Western immunoblotting. Drug-Resistant E. coli inhibited cell viability and enhanced apoptosis in the cellular model. In cells treated with amygdalin, this compound can inhibit cell apoptosis and reduce the expression of pro - inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-6. Additionally, it decreases the production of PANoptosis proteins, Furthermore, amygdalin lowered the levels of reactive oxygen species induced by drug-resistant E. coli, in cells, demonstrating its antioxidant effects. Amygdalin, a drug with a protective role, alleviated cell damage caused by drug-resistant E. coli in human macrophages by inhibiting the PANoptosis signaling pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.144-146
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• 2003

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 2003

The major ingredient of Persicae Semen is a cynogenic compound, amygdalin (D-mandelonitrile-$\beta$-gentiobioside). Controversial results on the anticancer activity of amygdalin were reported due to its conversion to its inactive isomer, neoamygdalin. In order to inhibit the epimerization of amygdalin, we used newly developed simple acid boiling method in preparation of Persicae Semen extract. HPLC analysis revealed most of amygdalin in Persicae Semen extract was active D-form. Persicae Semen extract was used to analyze its effect on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Persicae Semen extract was cytotoxic to HL-60 cells with $IC_{50}$ of 6.4 mg/mL in the presence of 250 nM of $\beta$-glucosidase. The antiproliferative effects of Persicae Semen extract appear to be attributable to its induction of apoptotic cell death, as Persicae Semen extract induced nuclear morphology changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.221.1-221.1
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• 2003

Armeniacae Semen is a seed of Prunus armeniaca Linne var. ansu Maximowicz, which belongs to Rosaceae family. It contains amygdalin and fatty oil and is widely used to treat asthma, dysponea and edema. It was reported that D-amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen undergoes hydrolytic reaction by emulsin when using water, and esecially it is almost decomposed when extracting from powder type. we set up a condition where we can achieve the maximun extraction yield through the study of the methods to rstrain emulsin from causing hydrolysis of D-amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen in the aqueous solution and to prevent D-amygdalin from being converted into neoamygdalin. (omitted)

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1470-1474
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• 2012

The pharmacokinetics of prunasin after oral administration of amygdalin or a decoction of peach seeds was determined and compared in rats. A $C_{18}$ column was used for separation at a column temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 20% aqueous acetonitrile, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. After oral administration of a decoction of peach seeds, prunasin was absorbed rapidly, reaching a maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) of 62.1 mg/L within 45 min. After oral administration of amygdalin, the absorption of prunasin was delayed. The $C_{max}$ of prunasin was 42.9 mg/L and was reached at 60 min. Values for the pharmacokinetic parameters of prunasin, including $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, AUC, $T_{1/2}$, CL/F, and V1/F, were significantly different for the oral administration of amygdalin compared with that of a decoction of peach seeds.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.556-563
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• 2008

Peripheral nerve injuries are a commonly encountered clinical problem and often result in a chronic pain and severe functional deficits. The expression of c-Fos is sometimes used as a marker of increased neuronal activity. We have prepared the aqueous extract of amygdalin from Armeniacae semen for pain control. In the present study, we investigated the effects of amygdalin on the recovery rate of the locomotor function and on the expression of c-Fos in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region following sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Walking track analysis for the evaluation of functional recovery and immunohistochemistry for the c-Fos expression were used in this study. In the present results, characteristic gait change with dropping of the sciatic function index (SFI) was observed and c-Fos expression in the vlPAG was suppressed following sciatic crushed nerve injury in rats. Amygdalin enhanced SFI value and restored c-Fos expression in the vlPAG to the control value. The present our study indicated that amygdalin activates neurons in the vlPAG, and it facilitates functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.721-729
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• 2017

This study aimed to improve customer perception of Prunus mume through analysis of amygdalin contents according to changes in variety, harvest time, and fermentation conditions. Five Prunus mume domestic cultivars were harvested at five harvest times. We compared cyanogenic glucosides in four types of fruits on the market. For amygdalin contents in seeds and flesh of Prunus mume by variety and harvest time, seeds contained higher amygdalin contents than flesh with time. As Prunus mume ripened, both amygdalin contents in seed and flesh increased. However, the rate of increase gradually decreased. For prunasin contents in Prunus mume, we determined that the dramatic increase in amygdalin from May 3 to 19 was due to amygdalin synthesis from prunasin. Moreover, in the case of fermented Prunus mume, we observed lower amygdalin content as the sugar ratio and fermentation time increased until around 90 days, followed by a decrease. Furthermore, we analyzed alteration of organic acids in Prunus mume and fermented solution based on analysis of amygdalin content in four other market fruits. Amygdalin was detected at $252.37{\pm}2.3$, $22.01{\pm}0.31$, and $8.75{\pm}0.14mg$ per 100 g in plums, peaches, and grape seeds, respectively. In flesh of plums and peaches, amygdalin contents were detected at $84.14{\pm}0.26$ and $7.54{\pm}0.06mg$ per 100 g, respectively. These results suggest scientific improvements for consumption and breeding lines.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.42-45
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• 2002

Variations of cyanogenic glucoside was investigated on varieties, picking date, each part and processed flood of Ume. First, variation of amygdalin contents was determined by HPLC during ripening. As a result in case of peels, Oshuku showed most highest content(20.2 mg%) in all varieties. In case of seeds, Native species showed most highest content(562 mg%), and seeds contented more than peels. And then, variation of prunasin contents was determined by HPLC. As a results in case of peels, native species contented most lowest prunasin in all varieties, and its contents slightly decreased with increased storage periods. Other hand, in case of seeds, native species contented most highest prunasin(177 mg%). Contents of amygdalin and prunasin of extracts was determined by HPLC during six month ripening. As a result, in case of freezing storages contents of those not changed hardly during ripening. But, in case of native storage, contents of amygdalin was decreased and prunasin was increased with increased aging periods. Profile of Ume tea was similar to extracts of it.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.697-700
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• 2018

This study investigated changes in amygdalin of maesil liqueurs during leaching and ripening, and their qualities during ripening. Maesil was leached at $24^{\circ}C$ for 3 months in a commercial soju (30% alcohol). During leaching, amygdalin contents dramatically increased by 1 month, remained at a plateau by 2 months, and then decreased at 3 months. Once completion of leaching, maesil liqueurs were ripened for 3 months together with maesil (ML1) and maesil flesh itself (ML2), and without maesil (ML3). During ripening, amygdalin contents significantly decreased for all treatments, and the reduction in amygdalin rapidly proceeded in the order: ML2>ML1>ML3. Alcohol contents decreased for ML1 and ML2, while remained constant for ML3. Their pH and titratable acidity observed only subtle changes, and their color became increasingly darker. Overall results suggested that the long-term ripening of maesil liqueurs containing maesil or maesil flesh (without seeds) may resolve the concern on their amygdalin toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2004

To differentiate commercial bifidobacteia for Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12, Bif. longum Bb-536 and Bif. infantis Maeil-K9, we studied the various carbon source, the nitrogen sources and antibiotics. Amygdalin and fructose were good candidates for carbon sources, and tryptone was suitable for nitrogen sources to design a new selective media for three commercial bifidobacteria. In the case of the amygdalin-containing medium as carbon sources, Bif. lactis Bb-12 and Bif. infantis Maeil-K9 showed good growth, and in fructose-containing medium, Bif. longum Bb-536 showed good growth. In antibiotics resistance study, the addition of 1 mg/L doxycyclin was very effective for differentiation of each bifidobacteria. Doxycyclin did not affect the growth of Bif. lactis Bb-12 and Bif. infantis Maeil-K9, but Bif. longum Bb-536 was completely inhibited by doxycyclin. Finally to confirm the selection capability of newly designed selective media, temperature-shocked bifidobacteria were cultured on them. As the results, fructose or doxycyclin containing medium showed for high growth for temperature-shocked bifidobacteria, but amygdalin containing medium showed low growth of temperature-shocked bifidobacteria.