• 급식외식위생학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the amount of sugar from the afternoon snack menu of childcare facilities in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The amount of sugar was analyzed for afternoon snacks provided by childcare facilities between March and April 2016. The snacks provided were the same for processed and non-processed foods at 50.0% respectively. White milk accounted for the largest portion with 26.4%, followed by fruits with 19.9% and grains (sweet potatoes, rice cakes, etc.). It has been confirmed that the larger the facility, the lower the frequency of provision of non-processed foods, and the higher the provision of processed foods (p<0.05). Snacks served as non-processed foods showed the highest frequency of fruits and sweet potatoes. On the other hand, processed foods provided many sugar-rich products, such as liquid yogurt, hot cakes, and cereal, excluding white milk. The average sugar content was highest in processed milk products (13.9 g), followed by white milk (8.6 g), bread and snacks (8.0 g), other (4.6 g), and mixed grains (1.6 g). Of the total 216 snacks, banana flavored milk had the highest sugar content of 27.0 g, followed by strawberry milk (15.0 g) and castella (21.6 g). The findings are expected to be used as basic data for choosing the right snacks provided by childcare facilities and practicing reducing sugar intake.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.289-297
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Stress during adolescence is related to undesirable nutritional intake and negatively affects the growth and development. This study was performed to investigate the relationship among life stress, dietary behaviors and the intake of high-fat containing snacks in male and female high school students in Gyeonggi-do area. Methods: The subjects were 700 high school students (350 males, 350 females) in Gyeonggi-do from July to September 2014 and the survey was performed by using questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary behaviors, high-fat containing snacks intake, and daily life stress. Results: There was a gender difference in health-related life style and dietary behaviors, and the life stress was significantly higher in female students than in male students. For health-related life style, exercise frequency, hours of sleep and conversation time with parents had significantly negative correlations with life stress, while smoking and perceived stress had significantly positive correlations with life stress. For dietary behaviors, the frequency of eating-out had a significantly negative correlation with life stress, while the changes in amount of meal intake under stress had a significantly positive correlation with life stress. The fat intake of 'high-stress group' was significantly higher and high-fat containing snacks consumed by this group consisted of cookies, honey bread and fried foods. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop appropriate programs for the emotional stability and stress relief of adolescents that provide continuous nutrition education focused on proper snack intake, desirable dietary behaviors and nutritional aspects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2021

Purpose: For college students, poor eating habits can cause problems with adult health. This study investigated the status of sweet food intake and the degree of stress in college students in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas to provide a basis for nutrition education by analyzing the relationship between stress and sugar intake. Methods: The subjects were 760 college students, and the survey was conducted using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis for collected data was performed using SPSS (version 21.0). Results: The stress score showed higher stress in female students. Females had more stress in their employment and study-related problems than males. For changes in food intake under stress, the intake was increased greatly in females than in males. For food preference changes before and after stress, males preferred more spicy foods and less salty foods after stress. After stress, females significantly preferred sweeter and spicier foods and less salty, sour, and bitter foods. The intake of sweet foods by stress factors showed that the intake of snacks was higher under the condition of 'worry, fatigue, and tension', and the intake of beverages was increased significantly under the condition of 'anger and aggression'. Conclusion: Sweet foods were preferred under stress, and the amount of intake was increased. Education on food selection and nutrition information should be provided to prevent health problems that can be developed by the reckless intake of sweet foods. Active guidance is needed for college students to select the proper snacks instead of nutritionally insufficient foods to relieve stress.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.396-410
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High-quality meal intake, including snacks, is necessary for optimal development during adolescence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional intake of adolescents and the quality of their diet according to snack type, eating location, and sleep hours. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A survey of middle school students living in Seoul and Gyeonggi province was conducted using questionnaires and the 24-h recall method to collect data on the 1-day dietary intake of the students from March to May, 2018. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and the CAN program. RESULTS: The average nutritional intake status among the respondents showed that the energy intake was lower than the recommended, showing 1,914.8 kcal for middle school boys and 1,752.7 kcal for girls. In terms of the nutritional intake status by gender, only the consumption of protein and niacin were significantly higher in boys than girls (P < 0.05). According to the sleep amounts, vitamin C intake was significantly higher in the sleep-deprived group than in the sleep-moderate or sleep-recommended group (P < 0.05), but the intake did not meet the recommendation in any group. The lower density nutrients found in the index of nutritional quality according to eating places were vitamin C, calcium, iron, and folic acid. School meals showed a higher nutritional density in protein, vitamin B₁, and niacin compared to convenience store meals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that sleep amount, and eating place affected the dietary quality of adolescents.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.495-505
• /
• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Over-weight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults. We used the data from the 30 to 49 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys - the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998. The 3,598 adults were classified into to two body fatness groups of normal (including underweight) and overweight (including obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW) When comparing variables between the two groups, significant differences were found in gender, education, job, employment status, perceived health status, sadness / depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, drinking pattern (yes/no) , amount of alcoholic drinks, frequency of intoxication or drunkeness, amount of alcoholic drinks when drunk, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, exercise duration, skipped meals, small meals and drug supplements. In terms of food intake, there were significant differences in the daily food intake in terms of breakfast, dinner, daily kimchi and dairy products. In terms of mealtimes, we found differences in the amount of cooked rice at breakfast, kimchi at lunch, soup / kuk at dinner, fresh vegetables for snacks, fried foods for snacks between breakfast and lunch, and fruits /juices for snacks between lunch and dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis three times, we chose 10 questions for a simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight-type category in order to give one point each. Among them we selected two questions to add one additional point and one question to add two additional points. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the developed questionnaire, were $5.97 \pm 2.36 \pm 7.36 \pm 2.21$, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 67%, 59% and 62%, respectively.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.366-377
• /
• 2010

We surveyed 553 middle school students living in Incheon using questionnaires to compare their food behaviors and snack intake patterns according to weight groups based on BMI. Mean BMI was 20.3 for males and 19.6 for females. The rate of underweight, normalweight and overweight students was 33.3, 51.7, and 15.0%, respectively. Compared to the other two groups, the overweight students perceived their body shape more accurately (p<0.01). Regarding the reasons for skipping dinner, the most frequent answer by the underweight students was 'because of snacks', while that of the overweight students was 'to lose weight' (p<0.01). The normalweight students were found to eat a Korean traditional type breakfast more frequently than the other weight groups (p<0.05). The overweight female group was more likely to overeathabitually, whereas the normalweight and underweight groups tended to overeat when they were under stress (p<0.05). As for the amount of the snack intake, the overweight male students replied that they eat quite a lot of snacks. As a conclusion, the problems found in the underweight group were unbalanced diet and the disturbance of regular meal patterns due to inappropriate snack intake. The problems shown in the overweight group were overeating due to habit or stress, fast eating speed and large amount of snack intake.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 1998

This study estimate the amount of snack intake of 290 children from ages 3 to 6 living in Seoul, to provide some basic information for a nutrition education program for the promotion of health. Average height and weight of the children were 110.5cm and 19.7kg, respectively. Their body mass indes was 16.2kg/$m^2$ and obesity indesx was 6.5% Calorie intake from snacks was 294kcal, and protein, fat, carbohydrate were 11.3g, 9.3g and 40.6g, respectively. The 117(40.3%) boys prefered boiled-eggs and 112(38.6%) girls prefered fruits. The 133(45.9%) mothers of the children were in their thirties, and 123(42.4%) of them had a college degree. One hundred and thirty one(45.2%) mothers were house keepers, and they had been givins snacks to their children 1 or 2 times daily(245, 84.5%) The daily snack budget was 1,500 won(109, 37.6%). The person who served the snack was a mother(141, 48.6%). As a result, snack intake of pre-school children showed very good but partially showed a potential problem. We hope that the results of this study can be helpful for the nutrition education program for the health and nutrition of pre-school children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제4권5호
• /
• pp.433-437
• /
• 2010

In order to develop an obesity management program for teenagers, we compared obese and non-obese girls attending high schools in terms of their dietary practices related to snack consumption. Dietary records were collected for 7 days. No significant differences were found for the average daily energy intake between obese and non-obese girls. However, the highest energy intake was greater for obese girls while not much difference was found for the lowest amount of energy intake. Obese girls had significantly lower intakes in calcium (P < 0.01), vitamin A (P < 0.001) and folate (P < 0.01). Mean energy intake from snack ($594.1{\pm}312.1kcal$) was significantly higher for obese girls than for non-obese girls ($360.1{\pm}173.1kcal$) (P < 0.001). A significant, positive correlation was observed between energy intake from snack and total daily energy intake (r = 0.34 P < 0.01) only for obese girls. In case of dietary behaviors, obese adolescent girls consumed significantly greater number of items for snacks and fewer foods for regular meals compared to non-obese girls (P < 0.05). This study suggested that obesity management programs for adolescents should focus on providing strategies to reduce snack through enhancing balanced regular meals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.248-257
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 제주지역 중학생 1,184명 (남학생 476명, 여학생 708명)에게 24시간 회상법으로 식사조사를 하여 총당류 섭취량을 추정하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 1일 총당류 섭취량은 전체 60.3 g, 남학생 50.5 g, 여학생 66.9 g으로서 여학생이 남학생보다 유의하게 높았다. 1일 총당류 섭취량 중 각 개별 당류가 차지하는 비중은 서당 (23.9 g) > 포도당 (12.9 g) > 과당 (12.3 g) > 유당 (6.0 g) > 맥아당 (3.3 g)의 순이었다. 2. 끼니별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 아침 6.5g, 점심 9.0g, 저녁 11.8 g, 간식 33.0 g으로 간식에서 섭취하는 양이 가장 많았다. 식품군별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 곡류 (23.0 g) > 우유류 (11.0 g) > 과일류 (7.3 g) > 당류 (6.1 g) > 채소류 (5.8 g)의 순으로 높았다. 음식종류별 1일 총당류 섭취량은 빵 과자류 (11.5 g) >면류 (10.2 g) > 유제품류 (7.5 g) > 빙과류 (6.2 g) > 음료류 (5.3 g) > 과일류 (4.5 g) > 튀김류 (3.2 g)의 순이었다. 3. 조사대상자의 1일 총당류 섭취량 60.3 g 중 천연당은 18.3 g (30.3%), 첨가당은 35.8 g (59.4%), 혼합당은 6.2 g (10.3%) 이었다. 총당류에서 얻는 열량비율이 20% 이상인 고당류섭취군은 20% 미만인 사람에 비해 탄수화물, 칼슘, 비타민 B1, B2, C의 섭취량은 유의하게 높은 반면 철, 아연, 니아신, 비타민 B6, 비타민 E 섭취량은 유의하게 낮았다. 단맛선호군은 단맛저선호군에 비해 열량, 탄수화물 및 총 당류섭취량이 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 제주지역 중학교 2학년 학생들의 1일 평균 총당류 섭취량은 60.3 g이었고, 이중 첨가당으로 인한 섭취가 59.4%로 가장 많았으며, 간식으로부터 섭취되는 비율이 가장 높았다. 따라서 중학생의 총당류 섭취량을 감소시키기 위해서는 올바른 간식 식품선택에 대한 영양교육이 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.81-93
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 제주지역 초등학교 5학년 학생 701명을 대상으로 2009년 4월부터 6월까지 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 1일 식이조사를 통한 총당류 섭취량을 추정하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 1일 열량섭취량은 1,629.8 kcal, 1일 총 당류섭취량은 남학생 53.1 g, 여학생 57.6 g으로 남녀 평균 55.3 g이었다. 2. 끼니별 1일 총당류섭취량은 간식에서 34.9 g (63.1%)으로 가장 많이 섭취하였으며, 아침, 점심, 저녁 식사에서 섭취하는 양은 각각 6.3 g, 6.9 g, 7.2 g이었다. 3. 식품군별로는 우유류 (17.04 g), 곡류 (12.79 g), 과일류 (9.40 g), 당류 (7.30 g)에서 섭취하는 당 함량이 높았다. 4. 조리법별 총당류 섭취량은 유제품류 (15.08 g), 빵 과자류 (6.4 g), 음료류 (5.5 g), 과일류 (5.1 g), 빙과류 (4.8 g)의 순이었고, 주식과 부식류에서는 면류 (5.1 g), 볶음류 (2.3 g), 튀김류 (1.4 g), 일품요리류 (1.4 g), 조림류 (1.1 g)의 순이었다. 후식류에서 서당 섭취량이 높은 음식은 빵 과자류 (4.1 g, 6.4 g), 음료류 (2.5 g, 1.4 g), 빙과류 (3.4 g, 4.4 g)이었다. 주식과 부식류에서 서당 섭취량이 높은 음식은 면류 (2.0 g, 4.1 g), 볶음류 (1.0 g, 1.1 g) 등 이었다. 5. 1일 총당류섭취량 중 천연당은 25.8 g, 첨가당은 23.3 g, 혼합당은 6.2 g으로 1일 총당류 섭취량의 42.1%가 첨가당에서 섭취되었다. 6. 총열량섭취량 중 당류에서 얻어지는 열량비율이 20% 이상인 고당류섭취군이 20% 미만 저당류섭취군에 비해 철분, 아연, 니아신 섭취가 유의적으로 더 낮았다. 7. 단맛선호군은 단맛저선호군보다 열량, 탄수화물 섭취량, 그리고 총당류섭취량이 유의적으로 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 제주지역 초등학교 5학년 남녀학생들의 총당류섭취량은 1일 평균 55.4 g으로, 주로 간식에서 섭취하는 비율이 높았다. 따라서 초등학생들의 총 당류 섭취량 통제를 위해서는 올바른 간식 선택과 당 저감화 관련 영양교육이 필요하다고 사료된다.