• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.132-136
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• 1999

Mechanical alloying (MA) by ball mill of $Fe_{30}Cr_{70}$ elemental powders was carried out under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. Amorphization has been observed in this case, while MA under an inert argon gas atmosphere produces the bcc solid solution. The DSC spectrum for the mechanically alloyed $(Fe_{30}Cr_{70})_{0.85}N_{0.15)$powders exhibits a sharp exothermic peak due to crystallization at about $550^{\circ}C$. Structural transformation from the bcc crystalline to amorphous states was observed through X-ray and neutron diffractions. During amorphization process the octahedral unit, which is typical of a polyhedron formed in any crystal structures, was preferentially destroyed and transformed into the tetrahedral unit. Futhermore, neutron diffraction measurements revealed that a nitrogen atom is situated at a center of the tetrahedron formed by metal atoms.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 1999

The solid state reaction by mechanical alloying(MA) generally proceeds by lowering the free energy as the result of a chemical reaction at the interface between the two adjacent layers. However, Lee et $al.^{1-5)}$ reported that a mixture of Cu and Ta, the combination of which is characterized by a positive heat of mixing of +2kJ/mol, could be amorphized by mechanical alloying. This implies that there exists an up-hill process to raise the free energy of a mixture of pure Cu and la to that of an amorphous phase. It is our aim to investigate to what extent the MA is capable of producing a non-equilibrium phase with increasing the heat of mixing. The system chosen was the ternary $Cu_{30}Ta_{ 70-x}Mo_ x$ (x=35, 10). The mechanical alloying was carried out using a Fritsch P-5 planetary mill under Ar gas atmosphere. The MA powders were characterized by the X-ray diffraction with Cu-K $\alpha$ radiation, thermal analysis, electron diffraction and TEM micrographs. In the case of x=35, where pure Cu powders were mixed with equal amount of pure Ta and Mo powders, we revealed the formation of bcc solid solution after 150 h milling but its gradual decomposition by releasing fcc-Cu when milling time exceeded 200 h. However, an amorphous phase was clearly formed when the Mo content was lowered to x=10. It is believed that the amorphization of ternary $Cu_{30}Ta_{60}Mo_{10}$ powders is essentially identical to the solid state amorphization process in binary $Cu_{30}Ta_{70}$ powders.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

Amorphization and crystallization behaviors of $Ti_{50}Cu_{50}Ni_{20}Al_{10}$ powders during high-energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment were studied. Full amorphization obtained after milling for 30 h was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The morphology of powders prepared using different milling times was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The powders developed a fine, layered, homogeneous structure with prolonged milling. The crystallization behavior showed that the glass transition, $T_g$, onset crystallization, $T_x$, and super cooled liquid range ${\Delta}T=T_x-T_g$ were 691,771 and 80 K, respectively. The isothermal transformation kinetics was analyzed by the John-Mehn-Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent was close to 2.5, which corresponds to the transformation process with a diffusion-controlled type at nearly constant nucleation rate. The activation energy of crystallization for the alloy in the isothermal annealing process calculated using an Arrhenius plot was 345 kJ/mol.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2013

We examined various ball-milling parameters which affect the structural and morphological modification of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. In particular, the effect of milling mode and the use of different milling agents were examined. Friction milling mode induced more structural changes than impact milling mode except the use of dry ice as a milling agent. Wet milling was helpful for reducing more effectively the agglomeration of nanotubes than dry milling. The use of hard solid particles such as silica and alumina as milling agents resulted in an effective shortening of nanotubes, but often susceptible to the amorphization and the destruction of crystallinity.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.675-678
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 N-type 기판에서 Nickel-Silicide를 적용하였을 경우에 나타나는 문제점과 PAI (Pre-amorphization Implant)의 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. N-type 기판에 RTP (Rapid Thermal Process)를 통하여 Nickel-Silicide 를 형성하게 되는데, 여기까지는 안정한 Nickel mono-Silicide (NiSi)가 형성됨을 확인하였다. 하지만 후속 열처리 공정 후 심한 응집 현상 (Agglomeration)과 이상 산화 현상 (Abnormal Oxidation Phenomenon), Silicide Island 등 열안정성 (Thermal Stability) 측면에서 여러 가지 많은 문제점들이 나타났다. 이 후속 열처리의 열안정성 취약점들을 극복하는 방안으로 Ge 및 N₂ PAI를 적용하였다. PAI를 적용하였을 경우에는 그렇지 않은 경우에 비하여 고온 열처리 후에도 면저항이 비교적 잘 유지되었으며, 두께가 얇고 안정한 Nickel-Silicide 특성을 확보할 수 있었다. 특히 Ge PAI 에 비하여 N₂ PAI 의 경우가 보다 특성 개선 효과가 크게 나타났다.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.17-22
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• 1993

$ErCo_2$화합물에서 Co를 천이원소로 10%만큼 치환한 $Er(Co_{0.9}M_{0.1})_2$화합물(M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu)의 비정질화 온도를 측정해서 수소유기 비정질화에 영향을 미치는 인자에 대해 살펴보았다. 비정질화 온도는 치환원소의 원자반경과 비례함을 알 수 있었다 그러므로 $ErCo_2$ Laves 화합물에서 수소유기 비정질화에 영향을 미치는 인자는 확산과 밀접한 연관이 있는 원자의 크기임을 알 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.07a
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• pp.1285-1286
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• 2008

A detailed investigation and structure of tested samples are clearly presented. As a reference, $Ge_1Se_1Te_2/As$ only sample was also investigated. We used compound of Ge-Se-Te material for phase-change cell. Actually, the performance properties have been improved surprisingly then conventional Ge-Sb-Te. However, crystallization time was as long as ever for amorphization time. We conducted this experiment in order to solve that problem by doping-As with Ag layer.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1998

W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powders were milled at room temperature and $-100^{\circ}C$ to investigate the mechanical alloying behavior of immiscible W-Cu-Pb system and the effect of milling temperature on the extent of alloying and microstructural refinement. W-Cu-Pb powder reached steady state after further extended milling due to Pb addition, compared to the W-Cu system. The cryomilling at $-100^{\circ}C$ caused the more refinement of powder particle size, and enhanced the solubility of Cu or Pb in W, compared with milling at room temperature. In W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powder cryomilled at $-100^{\circ}C$, the monotectic temperature of Cu-Pb as well as the melting temperature of Cu was decreased by refinement of Cu crystalline size, and the most amorphization was occurred after milling for 150 h.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.14 no.1 s.60
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• pp.50-55
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• 2007

The hydrogen sorption speeds of $Zr_{57}V_{36}Ti_7$ amorphous alloy and its crystallized alloys were evaluated at room temperature. $Zr_{57}V_{36}Ti_7$ amorphous alloy was prepared by ball milling. The hydrogen sorption rate of the partially crystallized alloy was higher than that of amorphous. The enhanced sorption rate of partially crystallized alloy was explained in terms of grain refinement that has been known to promote the diffusion into metallic bulk of the gases. The grain refinement could be obtained by crystallization of amorphous phase resulting in the observed increase in sorption property.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1993

두 층으로 이루어진 박막에서 이온선 혼합에 의해 형성되는 결정상 및 비정질상을 예측할 수 있는 새로운 모델을 제시하였다. 기존의 예측 모델과는 달리, 이온선 혼합 공정에서의 확산메카니즘에 영향을 미치는 변수로서 각 원소의 응집에너지와 침입형자리 크기 그리고, 이온반경을 이용하였다. 비정질상 형상 여부를 결정하는 인자로서 ADF(amorphization determinating factor)를 새로 정의하여 다음과 같이 모델식을 세웠다. 즉, ADF=C1(RB-rA)＋C2(Ecoh, max/Ecoh, min)＋$\alpha$이다. ADF가 양의 갓을 갖는 계는 이온선 혼합에 의해 비정질상이 형성되며 ADF가 음의 값을 갖는 계는 비정질상이 형성되지 않는다. 70여 가지의 금속/금속 및 금속/실리콘계에 대한 실험결과로부터 본 모델을 검증하였으며 아직까지 실험결과가 부족한 몇 가지 금속/실리콘계에 대해서 본 모델을 이용하여 비정질상 형성 여부를 예측하였다.