• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the flame retardancy of zelkova sarrata-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Zelkova sarrata plate was soaked by the treatment with three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions consisting ammonium chloride (AMSL), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After the drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustion properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). When the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for zelkova sarrata, the flame retardancy improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin zelkova sarrata. However the specimen shows increasing CO over virgin zelkova sarrata and It is supposed that toxicities depend on extents. Also, the specimen with ammonium salts showed the higher total smoke release (TSR) than that of virgin plate. Of specimens treated with ammonium salts the ammonium chloride handled the test side was considered a improved inhibitory effect of combustion.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.194-198
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• 2007

Veneer plate was painted by the treatment with ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride (AMCR), ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP) at room temperature. The physical property and flammability of painted veneer plate were investigated. In order to evaluate flammability of the treated veneer with ammonium salts, heat release rate (HRR) of the veneer was measured by a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 standard. The flammability painted veneener plate with ammonium salts was reduced compared to virgin veneer plate. The flashover possibility of veneer plates treated with these ammonium salts was examined by R. V. Petrella's classification using time to ignition and peak heat release rate. The specific gravities of veneer plates treated with only ammonium sulfate were higher than that of virgin veneer plate. Also, the veneer plates treated with ammonium salts showed lower equilibrium moisture contents over virgin veneer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.251-254
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• 2007

Veneer plate was painted by the treatment with ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride (AMCR), ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP) at room temperature. The flame retardancy of painted veneer plate was investigated. The painted veneer plate shows an increased $CO/CO_2$ over virgin veneer and it was supposed to affect the toxicity to different extents. But when the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for veneer, the flame retardancy was improved due to the painted ammonium salts in the veneers. Also, the veneer plates with ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride showed both the lower total smoke release (TSR) and lower total smoke production (TSP) than that of virgin veneer.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.115-121
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Pinus rigida plate was soaked in three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions such as ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). Comparing with virgin pinus rigida plate, specimens treated with the ammonium salts had lower combustive properties and It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin Pinus rigida. Also, the specimens with treated ammonium salts showed both the lower peak heat release rate (PHRR) and lower total heat release (THR) than those of virgin plate.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2012

The anticorrosive effect of 3-Hydroxyflavone (3HF) in combination with quarternary ammonium bromide and iodide salts (QAB and QAI) for aluminium corrosion in NaOH medium was studied at the temperature range of 303K-323K using weight loss study, potentiodynamic polarization study and impedance spectroscopic measurements. The results revealed that the inhibition efficiency increases with the inhibitor concentration and it further increases on the addition of quarternary ammonium bromide and iodide salts. The enhanced inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor in the presence of quarternary ammonium salts may be due to synergistic effect. The adsorption process of 3HF on the aluminium surface obeys Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The mechanism of adsorption is further supported by Scanning Electron Microscopic study (SEM).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.627-631
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• 2010

This study was performed to test the combustion-retardation properties of Pinus rigida-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Pinus rigida plate was soaked by the treatment with three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions consisting ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After the drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustion properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). When the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for Pinus rigida, the flame retardancy improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin Pinus rigida. However the specimen shows increasing CO over virgin Pinus rigida and It is supposed that toxicities depend on extents. Also, the specimen with ammonium sulfate showed both the lower total smoke release (TSR) and lower total smoke production (TSP) than those of virgin plate. Among the specimens, the sample treated with diammonium phosphate showed a strong inhibitory effect of combustion.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1974

The data pf dosspcoatopm cpmstamts for aliphatic amines and quaternary ammonium-methylorange salts are based on the electrosatic theory of conductance. Dissociation constants for primary amines nad quaternary ammonium-methylorange salts (1$\times$10$^{-5}$~1$\times$10$^{-3}$ M) in nitrobenzene solution or water solution was evaluated from the relation of the concentration and the electric conduction and the electric conductance at $25^{\circ}C$ Plots of ${\delta}C$ against reciprocal conductance were linear ; hence the center-to-center distance of this salt was 1.75 $\AA$ in nitrobenzene solution.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 1991

Systematic study on the extraction of ion pair by the use of picric acid (PCA) as an ion pair forming reagent to the aliphatic amines has not be done by spectrophotometric method. The extraction of ion pair by the use of PCA and 23 kinds of the aliphatic amines was examined. The procedure is as follows; Elving's buffer solution (pH 1.3~10, ionic strength 0.5) each amine solution, and PCA solution were taken into a test tube. The mixture was shaken mechanically with chlorform. The organic phase was filtered through a filter paper to remove water droplets. The absorbance was examined at $\lambda_{max}$ against a reagent blank. Primary and secondary whose carbon number were more than 7 or 6, respectively, are extractable as ion pairs with PCA, while tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts are also extractable without the correlation of carbon number. It was considered that the ion pair extraction of primary and secondary amines was affected by the number of carbon of amines, but its extraction of tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium salts was affected by kind of aliphatic amines rather than pKa values or carbon number of amines.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.3_4
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• pp.159-165
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• 1980

Tetrathiocyanatocobaltate[II] forms complexes with tertiary amine salts or quarternary ammonium salts which were extractable from aqueous solution by organic solvent. In order to study composition of the complex, the colored crystalline complexes produced were evaluated with elemental analysis, infrared and mass spectra. And also a novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of tertiary amine salt or quarternary ammonium salt with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate[II] was established by organic solvent extraction within coefficient of variation of 1.06-1.35%.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2000

Effects of sea-salts on the properties of aerosol collected in a coastal region were studied by applying a gas-particle equilibrium model SCAPE to the measurement data from Korea Cheju Island in summer 1994. It was found that the observed higher ammonium concentrations in fine particles (PM2.5) than in TSP were caused by forced evaporation of ammonium in coarse fraction of aerosol by sea-salts and the degree of evaporation was quantified through an application of SCAPE. By subtracting the sea-salt fraction from the measured concentra-tions the changes of aerosol property were also studied. The concentrations of nitrate at both TSP and PM2.5 decreased when alkaline sea-salt fraction was removed from the measured data. Estimates of aerosol acidity increased for most samples with sea salt loadings, However in some cases with high mass fractions of sea-salt components the aerosol acidity of PM2.5 decreased slightly. This is though to be related with the formation of solid salt with the removal of sea-salts.