• 운동과학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

INTRODUCTION: Regulation of skeletal muscle protein mass is implicated not only in exercise performance but in metabolic health. Exercise in combination with nutrition, particularly dietary protein/amino acid intake, are the pragmatic approach that effectively induces muscle anabolic response (i.e., muscle hypertrophy) through regulating protein synthesis and breakdown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to summarize available data on the effect of exercise intervention and amino acids intake on muscle protein synthesis and breakdown and provide an insight into development of an effective exercise intervention and amino acids supplements, applicable to training practice. METHODS: In this review, we have reviewed currently available data mainly from stable isotope tracer studies with respect to the effect of exercise intervention and protein or amino acid supplement on muscle protein anabolic response. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, exercise alone may not be effective in achieving a positive net muscle protein balance due to the fact that protein breakdown still exceeds protein synthesis until nutrition intake such as protein/amino acids. It appears that muscle anabolic response increases in proportional to the amount of protein intake up to 20 - 35 g depending on quality of protein, age, differences on exercise intensity, duration, and frequency, and individual's training status

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

Rapidly proliferating cancer cells require energy and cellular building blocks for their growth and ability to maintain redox balance. Many studies have focused on understanding how cancer cells adapt their nutrient metabolism to meet the high demand of anabolism required for proliferation and maintaining redox balance. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in plasma, is a well-known nutrient used by cancer cells to increase proliferation as well as survival under metabolic stress conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer cell survival and growth and highlight the mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism affects cancer cell signaling. Furthermore, we summarize the potential therapeutic approaches of targeting glutamine metabolism for the treatment of numerous types of cancer.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.81-84
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• 1990

The chloroplast has been the prime light-energy harvesting organelle on earth. It also carries out several key metabolic processes, such as lipid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Even though the chloroplast has its own genome, its coding capacity can afford only dozens of proteins, and most of the proteins functioning in the chloroplast are imported from the cytosol where nuclear encoded chloroplast genes are synthesized on free cytosokic ribosomes. Precursor proteins synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes have transit peptides at the amino termini of the proteins, and the transit peptide is sufficient to transfer chloroplast proteins from the cytosol into the chloroplast. When comparing amino acid sequences duduced from the nucleotide sequences of the clones of the chloroplast proteins, high homologies can be found among the transit peptides of proteins with the same function. Overall amino acid compositions of the transit peptides show amphiphilic characters of the transit peptides, and the amphiphilicity indicates that three dimensional structure of the transit peptide is responsible for the translocation of the chloroplast proteins.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 하이브리도마 세포를 T-flask, spinner flask, 그리고 2L bioreactor에서 batch 배양하여 배양 방법에 따른 세포성장과 대사의 차이점을 살펴보고, 이것의 영양원 분석을 토대로 배지를 강화함으로써 세포성장을 제고하고자 하였다. 배양방법에 따른 세포성장의 차이를 살펴보는 실험에서 Spinner flask와 배양기를 이용한 배양에서는 비슷한 세포성장과 아미노산의 대사를 관찰할 수 있었으나 T-flask 배양에서의 세포성장과 대사는 나머지 두 배양과 현격한 차이를 보였다. 아미노산, 포도당, 그리고 비타민이 강화된 배지를 이용함으로써 원래의 IMDM 배지를 이용한 배양에서보다 70% 정도 높은 세포농도를 얻을 수 있었다. 그러나, 비타민 강화에 따른 에너지 대사의 변화가 관찰되어 이에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제시되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2024

Land plants produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₂) through photosynthesis by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and light energy. Glucose can be stored in various polysaccharide forms for later use (e.g., sucrose in fruit, amylose in plastids), used to create cellulose, the primary structural component of cell walls, and immediately metabolized to generate cellular energy, adenosine triphosphate, through a series of respiratory pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, plants must metabolize glucose into amino acids, nucleotides, and various plant hormones, which are crucial for regulating many aspects of plant physiology. This review will summarize the biosynthesis of different plant hormones, such as auxin, salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, in relation to glucose metabolism.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.287-292
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• 1988

두유를 L. acidophilus와 K. fragilis로 혼합발효시 균의 생육과 젖산발효에 미치는 아미노산의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 이 두균주가 어떠한 상호작용으로 두유 중의 유리아미노산들과 대두단백질을 이용하는지에 대하여 조사하였다. 두유를 L. acidophilus와 K. fragilis로 혼합발효시 K. fragilis는 두유중의 유리아미노산들을 이용하여 생육하나 부족한 것은 L. acidophilus에 의해 대두단백질이 가수분해되어 생성되는 여러 종류의 유리아미노산들 중 젖산균이 생육인자로 이용하지 않아 발효액에 축적되는 Leu., Phe., Lys., Arg., Glu., Asp., Ala. 등의 유리 아미노산들 특히 Leu., Phe., Lys.을 이용함으로써 K. fragilis의 생육이 촉진된다고 생각되었다. 이와 같은 두균의 아미노산 대사의 상호작용과 당대사의 상호작용(2)을 함께 고려할 경우 두유를 L. acidophilus와 K. fragilis로 혼합발효할 때 두균사이에는 공생관계 (symbiotic relationship)가 성립되었으며 이로 인하여 두유를 두균으로 혼합발효하는 것이 L. acidophilus만으로 단독발효하는 것보다 젖산생성량이 많고 젖산생성속도가 바르다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2006년도 제23차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.17-27
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• 2006

The effects of dietary betaine on performance, blood compositions, hepatic amino acid concentrations and hormonal secretions were examined in laying hens. Egg production was significantly higher in birds fed the 16.5 % protein diet compared to those fed 14.5 % protein diet(p<0.05), whereas dietary supplementation of betaine did not show any significant effect. The high level of protein and betaine supplementation significantly improved egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion(p<0.05), while eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness and Haugh unit were not influenced by betaine and dietary protein levels. Supplemental betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin and BUN concentration. However, uric acid concentration significantly increased in 600 ppm betaine-fed groups(p<0.05). Concentrations of most hepatic amino acid were influenced by increased protein feeding and dietary betaine supplementation. Hormone studies recorded significantly higher serum and hepatocyte IGF-I concentration in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine treatments(p<0.05) compared to those of control group. IGF-I mRNA gene expression of hepatocytes revealed statistically correlated increase in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine-fed groups compared to the controls(p<0.05). Serum IGFBP-3 concentration was significantly elevated in 600 ppm betaine treatments. However, the secretion of IGFBP-1 in hepatocyte of laying hens fed with 600 and 1,200 ppm of betaine showed a significant decrease compared to the control group(p<0.05). Results of these study show that dietary betaine supplementation affects protein and hormone metabolism in laying hens.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1964

한국산 도롱뇽 (Hynobius leechi BOULENGER) 발생배의 질소화합물의 대사를 연구하고져 발생단계에 따른 단백질구성(아미노) 산의 촉진(아미노) 산의 정성적 분석과 질소 배설물(ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine and/or creatinine, total nitrogen)의 정량분석을 미수정란, 란할배, 포배, 양배, 신경배 및 부화직전의 배에 대하여 행하였다. 1. 발생단계에 따른 발생배내 단백질구성 (아미노산)은 전 단계를 통하여 일양하게 18종씩 검출되어TRh 유리 (아미노산) 은 17 내지 23 종 검출되었으며, 전체적으로 유리(아미노산) 분포상에 큰 변화가 없었다. 2. 발생단계에 따른 질소배설물 분석의 결과는 다음과같다. Ammonia 와 urea 의 배내 함량은 미수정란에서부터 양배까지 점차 감소하여 양배 이후 부화직전배까지 급격히 증가한다. Uric acid의 함량은 전 단계를 통해 미소하였으며 creating and/or creatininie 은 본 실험에서는 검출되지 않았다. 3. 발생단계에 따른 발생배내 ammonia 함량에 대한 sodium azide의 영향은 농도에 따라 이원적인 특이성을 가지고 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1967

The environmental effects on radio-sensitivities of Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied; Liquid suspensions of Lactobacillus and yeast were gamma-irradiated under various conditions; temperatures, hydrogen ion concentrations, amino acids and vitamins were treated seperately with variations of concentrations. (shown in figures) It is found that simultaneous heat treatment is effective to sterilize microorganisms than pre after treatment, and concentration of hydrogen ion does not affect the lethalty of yeast but or Lactobacilli was affect at the range of pH. 5.0 to 7.0. Ascorbic acid, thiamin and pyridoxine were protective dependently against lethal action of gamma-ray and its protective effects increase with the increasings of concentrations. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine were proved to be protective for both strains at 0.1 between 1.0 percent. It can be suggested that industrial sterilizing doses of irradiation by gamma-ray for food should be applied more than those dose of saline or buffer suspension, because natural food stuffs are rich of vitamins and amino acids.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제19권6호통권145호
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• pp.529-533
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• 1981

The effect of insulin on the collagen metabolism in dental pulp and gingiva was studied using Sprague-Dawley rat and ³H-proline was injected intraperitoneally and then sacrificed according to predetermined schedule. Lower incisor pulp and gingiva were removed immediatedly and hydrolysed with acid. After digestion, proline and hydroxyproline were separated and analysed quantitatively employing thin-layer chromatography and radioactivity of each amino acid was counted by liquid scintillation counter. The label incorporated into lower incisor pulp and gingiva and radioactivity of ³H-hydroxyproline were increased in insulin administered group. And disappearance rate of ³H-hydroxyproline was decreased. Those results indicated that amino acid, I.e. proline transport and collagen biosynthesis were increased in dental pulp and gingiva by insulin administration.