• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.133-148
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• 2002

Objective : This study was to investigate more effective oriental medical treatment for Pediatric Bronchial Asthma Method : Aroma therapy and Herbal medicine was given to 28 pediatric bronchial asthma patients(19 males and 9 females) for about 5months from the First, August 1999 The Fifth, January 2002. Results: 1. Demographic factor : The sample consisted of 28 persons among whom 19 were male, 9 were female. The age ranges from 1 year old to 6 year old. Less than 2 year old were 4 and 2-6 year old were 20. 2.Residence : Apartment and villar dwellers were 19(67.9%), Residential street divellers were 9(32.1%). 3.Age distribution at on set : 6(21.4%) fell ill befor 1 year old and 22(78.6%) fell ill after 1 year old 4. The period of illness : 9(32.2%) suffered during 1-3 year and 6(21.4%) suffered during 6 mouth-1year and 6(21.4%) suffered during more than 3 year. 5. Frequency of the symptoms : The symptoms appeared 2-3 times a year in the case of 16(57.2%), one time a year in the case of 1, 4 times a year in the case of 6(21.4%). 6. Concomitance symptoms : All experienced coughing sign, wheezing, 23(82.1%) experienced epistaxis, nose dripping, 13(46.4%) got fever, anorexia. 7. Past history of illness : 16(57.1%) got brochiolitis, brochitis, 12(42.9%) suffered pneumonia, 9(32.1%) had allergic rhinitis. 2 had allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, 3 got atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma and 7 had allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchial asthma, 8. Family disease : In the case of family disease, 21(75%) had allergic dermatitis, 9(42.9%) had bronchial asthma, 8(38.1%) had allergic dermatitis. 9. The symptoms became very severe in the change of season in the case of 13(46.4%) and in the case of 11(39.3%), the change of season made no difference 10. Associated caused of induction symtoms : 28(100%) got sick by common cold, infectional disease, 8(28.6%) got sick by cold food, cold air 11.The kind of therapy : 15(53.6%) got oriental therapy after occidental therapy, 11(39.3%) took only oriental therapy. 12. Improvement degree of each symptoms : In the case of cough and wheeze that are the main symptoms of bronchial asthma, 78.6% and 64.3% of the patients replied < improvement > and in the case of dyspnea, tachypnea 41.7% of the patients replied . In other symptoms, all replied 13. Degree of satisfaction : 19(67.9%) replied , 2(7.1%) replied . Conclusion : Herbal medicine and aroma therapy proved to be a very effective oriental medical treatment for pediatric bronchial asthma.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.57-68
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• 1993

In humans, an immediate allergic response to an allergen snay appear as either bronchial asthma unaccompanied by anaphylaxis or a severe bronchial constriction and spasm accompanied by anaphylaxis. Much experimental evidence with isolated asthmatic tissues has shown that histamine is released during the allergic reaction. Paradoxically, antihistamine treatment is ineffective in reversing bronchial asthma or anapllylaxis in a man. The present study objective is to search for protective agents(In-Sam-Yun-Pai-San-Ga-Gam-Bang) against bronchial constriction in treating a anaphylaxis. The result from this study is as follows. A single dose of In-Sam-Yun-Pai-San-Ga-Gam-Bang extract(3ml/kg body weight) 2 hrs prior to histamine-induced bronchial constriction test demonstrated significant protection. Based on the above result, It is considered that In-Sam-Yun-Pai-San-Ga-Gam-Bang can be used in bronchial asthma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 1994

In addition to classic cholinergic and adrenergic pathways, the existence of a third division of autonomic control in the human airways has been proved. It is called a nonadrenergic noncholinergic(NANC) nervous system, and difficult to study in the absence of specific blockers. Neuropeptides are certainly suggested to be transmitters of this NANC nervous system. It is very frustrating to understand the pathophysiologic role of these peptides in the absence of any specific antagonists. However, further studies of neuropeptides might eventually lead to novel forms of treatment for bronchial asthma. Another study of the interaction between different components of the autonomic nervous system, either in ganglionic neurotransmission or by presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitters at the end-organ will elute neural control in airway disease, particularly in asthma. Studies of how autonomic control may be disordered in airway disease should lead to improvements in clinical management. Epithelial damage due to airway inflammation in asthma may induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Axon reflex mechanism is one of possible mechanisms in bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Epithelial damage may expose sensory nerve terminals and C-fiber nrve endings are stimulated by inflammatory mediators. Bi-directional communication between the nerves and mast cells may have important roles in allergic process. The psychological factors and conditioning of allergic reactions is suggested that mast cell activation might be partly regulated by the central nervous system via the peripheral nerves. Studies in animal models, in huamn airways in vitro and in patients with airway disease will uncover the interaction between allergic disease processes and psychologic factors or neural mechainsms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1999

Background: Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic eosinophilic inflammatory airway disease associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. Bronchial inflammation in asthma may depend in part on the activation of T helper lymphocytes that elaborate proinflammatory cytokines. T helper (Th) lymphocytes can be divided into two categories; Th1 lymphocytes, which secrete IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$, and Th2 lymphocytes, which secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10. Th2 lymphocytes appear to induce allergic responses, whereas Th1 lymphocytes induce delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Some infections, such as tuberculosis, cultivate a Th1 immunological environment and inhibit Th2 lymphocytes function. The presence of such infections might inhibit Th2 immune responses and thus protect development of atopic diseases. Method: 15 patients with allergic bronchial asthma, 10 patients with intrinsic bronchial asthma, and 10 healthy volunteers were studied. The serum concentrations of IFN-$\gamma$, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA method and tuberculin skin test was estimated in different groups. Results: The positive response rates of tuberculin test were 46.7% in patients with allergic asthma, 100% in patients with intrinsic asthma and 60% in normal controls. The positive response rates were significantly lower in patients with allergic asthma than those of in patients with intrinsic asthma (p<0.05). Degree of responses to tuberculin test were $12.0{\pm}9.6mm$ in patients with allergic asthma, $18.4{\pm}4.5mm$ in patients with intrinsic asthma and $10.9{\pm}8.8mm$ in normal controls. The degree of responses were significantly reduced in patients with allergic asthma than those of patients with intrinsic asthma (p<0.05). The serum levels of IL-5 in patients with allergic asthma were significantly higher than in patients with intrinsic asthma and normal controls (p<0.05), although it was insignificant. the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in patients with allergic asthma were higher than that of intrinsic asthma and normal controls. The serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-$\gamma$ in patients with allergic asthma and intrinsic asthma were significantly lower than those in normal controls(p<0.05). The serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and peripheral blood eosinophile counts in patients with allergic asthma were significantly higher than those in normal controls. Peripheral blood esinophil counts had a significant correlation with the serum levels of total IgE, IL-5 and IL-10 in patients with allergic asthma (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results have showed that Th1 lymphocyte functions were lowered and Th2 lymphocyte functions were elevated in patients with allergic asthma than those in normal controls. Suppression of Th1 lymphocyte functions by activation of Th2 lymphocyte might be one of the important aspects of pathogenesis in allergic bronchial asthma.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.105-121
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• 2001

Objectives: Herbal acupuncture has been administered with Liriopis Tuber extract on the point of BL 13 (Pyesu) to treat bronchial asthma and a certain degree of clinical benefits have been observed but lacking scientific substantiation. Methods: The present report describes on Th1 cytokine (Interleukin-2, Interferon-gamma), Th2 cytokine, (Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5), and IL-12 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (ELISA). Five groups were devised to study the effects of herbal acupuncture with Liriopis Tuber extract at BL 13 (Pyesu) for airway inflammation in the mouse model with bronchial asthma. Results shows that herbal acupuncture with Liriopis Tuber extract at BL 13 increased Th1 cytokine (Interleukin-2) in allergic sensitization and allergic challenge, and decreased Th2 cytokine (Interleukin-2, Interleukin-5) in allergic sensitization.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the effects of OWT on allergic bronchial asthma. Methods : The mice were divided into 4 groups induced the allergic bronchial asthma : Three groups(OWT-1, OWT-2, OWT-3) treated OWT and non-treated group(Control). Three oral administration of the herbal solution of OWT were carried out 1 lime a day for 2 weeks before antigen sensitization. 2 days later, the mice were sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin(OA) and then 13 days later they were provoked with OA aerosols. Then the cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), serum level of IgE, WBC, RBC and HCB were measured. Results : 1. On the neutrophil in BALF, OWT-1 group is significantly increased compared with the control group. 2. On the eosinophil in BALF, OWT-1 group tends to decrease compared with the control group but insignificant. 3. On the lymphocyte in BALF, OWT-2 group is significantly decreased compared with the control group. 4. On the macrophage in BALF, OWT-2 group is significantly increased compared with the control group. 5. On the serum IgE, groups OWT-1, OWT-2 and OWT-3 are significantly decreased compared with the control group. 6. On WBC in blood, OWT-1 group is significantly decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results, it is assumed that the oral administration of OWT can help the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.94-103
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• 2005

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the effects of YTT on allergic bronchial asthma. Methods: The mice were divided into 4 groups induced the allergic bronchial asthma : Three groups(YTT-1, YTT-2, YTT-3) treated YTT and non-treated group(Control). Three oral administration of the herbal solution of YTT were carried out 1 time a day for 2 weeks before antigen sensitization. 2 days later, the mice were sensitized with a subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin(OA) and then 13 days later they were provoked with OA aerosols. Then the cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), serum level of IgE, WBC, RBC and HGB were measured. Results: 1. On the neutrophil in BALF, groups of YTT-2 and YTT-3 are significantly increased compared with the control group. 2. On the eosinophil in BALF, groups of YTT-1 and YTT-3 are significantly decreased compared with the control group. 3. On the lymphocyte in BALF, YTT-3 group is significantly increased compared with the control group. 4. On the macrophage in BALF, groups of YTT-1 and YTT-3 groups tend to increase. 5. On the serum IgE, groups YTT-1, YTT-2 and YTT-3 are significantly decreased compared with the control group. 6. On WBC in blood, groups of YTT-2, YTT-3 are significant1y decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions: Based on the above results, it is assumed that the oral administration of YTT can help the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.6
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• pp.411-417
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• 2010

This review highlights articles pertaining to the following 5 topics: the relationship between asthma, allergic and non-allergic rhinitis; the novel asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis; the diagnostic properties of inhaled dry-powder mannitol for the diagnosis of asthma; the value of mepolizumab therapy in exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma; the role of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1636-1648
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• 2006

There are detailed descriptions of the clinical experiences and prescriptions of asthma in traditional Korean medicine. Zedoariae rhizoma is one of the Korean herbal medicines used to treat bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis for centuries. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of this medication are still far from clear, In this study, a house-dust-mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus [Der p])-sensitized murine model of asthma was used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of Zedoariae rhizoma on the allergen-induced airway inflammation in asthma. Three different protocols were designed to evaluate the treatment and/or long-term prophylacitic effect of Zedoariae rhizoma in Der p-sensitized mice. Cellular infiltration and T-cell subsets in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)of allergen-challenged mice were analyzed. Intrapulmonary lymphocytes were also isolated to evaluate their response to allergen stimulation. When Zedoariae rhizoma was administered to the sensitized mice before AC (groups A and C), it suppressed airway inflammation by decreasing the number of total cells and eosinophil infiltration in the BALF, and downregulated the allergen- or mitogen-induced intrapulmonary lymphocyte response of sensitized mice as compared to those of controls. This immunomodulatory effect of Zedoariae rhizoma may be exerted through the regulation of T-cell subsets by elevation or activation of the CD8+ and double-negative T-cell population in the lung. However, the administration of Zedoariae rhizoma to sensitized mice 24 h after AC (group B) did not have the same inhibitory effect on the airway inflammation as Zedoariae rhizoma given before AC. Thus, the administration of Zedoariae rhizoma before AC has the immunomodulatory effect of reducing bronchial inflammation in the allergen-sensitized mice. On the other hand, to determine the potentiality of prophylactic and/or therapeutic approaches using a traditional herbal medicine, Zedoariae rhizoma, for the control of allergic disease, we examined the effects of oral administration of Zedoariae rhizoma on a murine model of asthma allergic responses. When oral administration of Zedoariae rhizoma was begun at the induction phase immediately after OVA sensitization, eosinophilia and Th2-type cytokine production in the airway were reduced in OVA-sensitized mice following OVA inhalation. These results suggest that the oral administration of Zedoariae rhizoma dichotomously modulates allergic inflammation in murine model for asthma, thus offering a different approach for the treatment of allergic disorders.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.190-193
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• 2015

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity lung disease due to bronchial colonization of Aspergillus fumigatus that occurs in susceptible patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. A 10-year-old girl was referred to the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology for persistent consolidations on chest radiography. Pulmonary consolidations were observed in the right upper and left lower lobes and were not resolved with a 4-week prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The patient had a history of atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis but no history of asthma. She had no fever but produced thick and greenish sputum. Her breathing sounds were clear. On laboratory testing, her total blood eosinophil count was $1,412/mm^3$ and total serum IgE level was 2,200 kU/L. Aspergillus was isolated in the sputum culture. The A. fumigatus-specific IgE level was 15.4 kU/L, and the Aspergillus antibody test was also positive. A chest computed tomography scan demonstrated bronchial wall thickening and consolidation without bronchiectasis. An antifungal agent was added but resulted in no improvement of pulmonary consolidations after 3 weeks. Pulmonary function test was normal. Methacholine provocation test was performed, revealing bronchial hyperreactivity ($PC_{20}=5.31mg/mL$). Although the patient had no history of asthma or bronchiectasis, ABPA-seropositivity was suspected. Oral prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) combined with antifungal therapy was started. Pulmonary consolidations began decreasing after 1 week of treatment and completely resolved after 1 month. This is the first observed and treated case of seropositive ABPA in Korean children without previously documented asthma.