• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1567-1574
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• 2014

The incidence and mortality rates of liver and nasopharyngeal cancer in Guangxi province of China have always been among the highest in the world, and cancer is one of the major diseases that pose a threat to the health of residents in Guangxi. However, no systematic study has been performed to evaluate the time trends in the structure of cancer-related deaths and cancer mortality. In this study, we reveal sex, age and geography differences of cancers mortality between three death surveys (1971 to 1973, 1990 to 1992, and 2004 to 2005). The results show that the standardized mortality rate of cancer in Guangxi residents has risen from 43.3/100,000 to 84.2/100,000, the share of cancer deaths in all-cause deaths has increased from 13.3% to 20.7%, and cancer has become the second most common cause of death. The five major cancers, liver cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and colorectal cancer, account for 60% of all the cancer deaths. Cancers with growing mortality rates over the past 30 years include lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer and female breast cancer, of which lung cancer is associated with the sharpest rise in mortality, with a more than 600% rise in both men and women. Cancer death in Guangxi residents occurs mainly in the elderly population above 45 years of age, especially in people over the age of 65. The areas with the highest mortality rates for liver cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, which feature regional high incidences, include Chongzuo and Wuzhou. Therefore, for major cancers such as liver cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and female breast cancer in Guangxi, we can select high-risk age groups as the target population for cancer prevention and control efforts in high-prevalence areas in a bid to achieve the ultimate goal of lowering cancer mortality in Guangxi.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2021

Purpose: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity which is usually diagnosed from clinical findings. A retrospective study was conducted to identify risk factors for oral candidiasis and to characterize the demographic and clinical features of affected patients. Methods: From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, it consisted of 90 oral candidiasis patients diagnosed based on clinical finding and treated with antifungal drugs. As a retrospective study of those people, surveys were conducted on sex, age, systemic disease, a use of dentures, complaints of dry mouth, smoking and alcohol consumption, culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, culture on chromogenic agar (CA) medium and a duration of antifungal treatment. Results: Among 90 selected patients, the male and female ratio was 41:49. Overall, female had a higher infection rate than male in all age groups. In this study, oral candidiasis was not clearly susceptible to dry mouth, smoking or drinking, wearing dentures and association with systemic disease. Among 90 patients with oral candidiasis, 83 had colonies formed on PDA medium and 53 had colonies formed on CA medium. The duration of antifungal treatment was highest between 5 and 8 weeks. In addition, there was statistical significance between the culture results in CA medium and the duration of antifungal treatment. Conclusions: Generally, old age or infants, dry mouth, smoking, a use of dentures and endocrine abnormalities are risk factors to increase oral candidiasis; however, in this study, it was mainly found in the elderly aged 60 or older regardless of sex and the incidence of oral candidiasis was not obviously related with patients with dry mouth, smoking or drinking, denture wearers and endocrine abnormalities. Interestingly, when the fungi were cultured in CA medium, the duration of antifungal treatment was increased.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.39.1-39.12
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of external cervical resorption (ECR) regarding sex, age, tooth, stages of progression, and portal of entry, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Materials and Methods: CBCT scans of 1,313 patients from a Brazilian subpopulation comprising 883 female and 430 male patients (mean age, 55.2 years), acquired using a PreXion 3D CBCT unit, were evaluated. All permanent teeth included in the scans were evaluated for the presence of ECR according to the 3-dimensional classification and the portal of entry. The association between the presence of ECR and the factors studied was assessed using the χ² test. Intra-observer agreement was analyzed with the kappa test (α = 0.05). Results: In total, 6,240 teeth were analyzed, of which 84 (1.35%) were affected by ECR. A significant association was found between the presence of ECR and sex, with a higher prevalence in male patients (p = 0.002). The most frequently affected teeth were the mandibular and maxillary central incisors. The most common height was the mid-third of the root. For the portal of entry, 44% of cases were on the proximal surfaces, 40.5% on the lingual/palatal surface and 15.5% on the buccal surface. Intra-observer agreement was excellent. Conclusions: The prevalence of ECR was 1.35%, with a higher prevalence in male patients and a wide age distribution. The mandibular and maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and cases of ECR most frequently showed a height into the mid-third of the root and proximal entry.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.75-87
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find the number of meals skipped and the types of main meals consumed by people in Miryang and Daegu. The subjects consisted of elementary school students(ES), middle school students(MS), high school students(HS), college students(CS) and adults, divided into below the age of 40(AU) and above the age of 40(AA). Data were collected through a 7-day dietary record from 941 subjects. The definition of rice-based meal(RM) and wheat-based meal(WM) depends on the type of grain eaten in the main dish, rice or wheat flour, respectively, regardless of the menu. Out of all the meals consumed by the subjects during 7 days before the survey, 71.5% of the meals consumed were RM, 13.1 ％ of the meals consumed was WM and 12.5% of the meals was skipped. Of the meals skipped, breakfast-skipping was the highest with 27.1%. There's no difference by region and sex. But there were several differences by age. The rates of skipped meal were high for CS, AU, HS, and MS in order. Especially the breakfast-skipping for CS was highest as 47.9%. In the types of main meal, the rates of RM was highest at breakfast and lowest at lunch. The rates of RM was higher in Miryang than Daegu, and there was no difference by sex. The rates of RM was high for AA, HS, ES and AU in order. ES and HS, who had highest rates of WM, had the highest WM consumption at lunch. It is because of school food service at lunch. Since the younger population consumed more RM compared to the older population, it can be speculated that more WM will be consumed in the future. Also efforts need to be made to discourage skipping meals.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.21-34
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• 2000

This investigation of developmental trends in children's emotional intelligence used the Emotional Intelligence Rating Scale for Preschool Children(Kim, 1998) to study 973 children. Significant age differences were found in 5 factors: 'utilization of emotion', 'regulation of emotion', 'handling of relationship between child and teacher' and 'handling of relationship with peers'. Children's emotional intelligence scores increased with age in 3 factors: 'utilization of emotion', 'empathy', and 'regulation of emotion'. Sex differences were found in 5 factors: 'utilization of emotion', 'empathy', 'appraisal and expression of self emotion', 'regulation of emotion', and 'handling of relationship between child and teacher'. In all factors, the scores of girls were higher than those the scores of boys.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2002

This study investigated age and sex differences in aggression by quality of peer relationships in 331 adolescents, 11 or 14 years of age in 6 public schools in Seoul. They completed 2 self-reported questionnaires. All subjects were divided into 3 groups by level of aggression. Highly aggressive adolescents had significant vulnerability in peer relationships as contrasted with mid- and low- aggressive groups. They reported more egocentricity, conflict, rejection, and less emotional support from peers. Fourteen-year-old reported more intimacy, more emotional support, and less physical aggression than 11-year-olds. Boys showed much more egocentricity and perceived more rejection than girls. Boys displayed more physical aggression to persons and girls showed more angry expressions. The findings suggest that various intervention programs should be provided for peer relationships of high aggressive adolescents.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Background : Since 2001 the Korean Association of Health Promotion has attempted to establish her own reference valves that can be used in her all fifteen branch laboratories instead of using those adapted from the published data or there commended data by the reagent companies supplied as inserts. However, the previous two reference values derived from the statistics(year 2001 and 2002) were need to adjust to apply to actual practice. Besides there was an unavoidable situation that the reagent has to be changed to other companies in 2002 that creates another statistical problem. Subsequently, the third attempt to derive the reference ranges of tests in KAHP to solve those problems and define common)v acceptable reference ranges was done and and reported here. Methods : Al1 the results performed during January 2, 2003 through September 30, 2003 were collected in Excel tile format. All the data include dthe necessary information such as age and sex. The age was grouped in six; baby(0-3y), children(4-l2y), adolescent(13-l8y), adult(19-S4y), younger elderly (65-79y),old elderly(oyer 80y), with references of statistics in medical informatics and WHO classification. The data were statistically analyzed with SAS 6.04 for-Gaussian distribution as the previous two occasions. None of the tests showed Gaussian distribution. These procedures had been repeated twice or three times after trimming out the results lying outside three standard deviations. Though, all the tests showed non-Gaussian distribution. Subsequently, the reference ranges were defined in the range from the point of lower 2.5% to the point of higher 97.5 %. And in case the lower range could be "0", the reference ranges were defined in the range of 0 to 95%.Results : The reference ranges of most of 56 test items were newly assigned. Also with adaptation of the recommendation of WHO etc. on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin, cholesterol. Among these there were eight tests that needed reference ranges by the age groups and nine tests by the sex. Conclusions : The third attempt will credit more the reference range of all15 laboratories of Korean Association of Health Promotion, which will be essential part of the better service to the patient and clients to visit KAHP.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mutual relationship between food preference and nutrient intake status of high school students, based on the their personal characters which are sex, age, family type, number of family, mother's age, occupation, and school career. 439 students were selected with random stratified cluster sampling method. The study used a self-administrated questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for 5 days as instrument tools. Statistical methods applied to analyze the data were frequency, percent, Willcoxon Rank-sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, ${x^2}-test$ by contingence table, and Spearman's correlation coefficient in non parametric statistical methods. Some of interesting results are as follows : 1. The correlation between sex and the set of characters of mother's age, school career and income is highly significant. However there is no any significant difference on the kinds of job and the types of family. 2. The relation between the preference of main dishes and the nutrient intake show a significant difference except to the noodles. This marks that preference of main dishes shows a direct proportion with the nutrient intakes except for the fat, vitamin A, vitamin C. 3. The preference of animal food marks a direct proportion with the nutrients such as energy, protein, fat, fiber, phosphorus, iron, vitamin $B_{1}$, vitamin $B_{2}$, and niacin 4. The preference of vegetable food gives some influence on the nutrient intake but the preference of soup is insignificant, the preference of Kimchi is in reverse proportion, and the preference of vegetable marks a direct proportion with the nutrient intake. 5. The preference of snacks marks a direct proportion with all kinds of nutrients intake except for the vitamin A, and vitamin C.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.3-15
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• 2023

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder that may be negatively associated with the self-image. It might be associated with orthodontic treatment demand and outcome, and therefore is important. Thus, this study was conducted. Methods: The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS) questionnaire was used in 699 orthodontic patients above 12 years of age (222 males, 477 females), at seven clinics in two cities (2020-2021). BDD diagnosis and severity were calculated based on the first 3 items and all 12 items of the questionnaire. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC) was assessed by orthodontists. Multivariable and bivariable statistical analyses were performed on ordinal and dichotomized BDD diagnoses to assess potentially associated factors (IOTN-DHC, age, sex, marital status, education level, and previous orthodontic consultation) (α = 0.05). Results: IOTN-DHC scores 1-5 were seen in 13.0%, 39.9%, 29.8%, 12.4%, and 4.9% of patients. Age/sex/marital status/education were not associated with IOTN-DHC (p > 0.05). Based on 3-item questionnaire, 17.02% of patients had BDD (14.02% mild). Based on 12-item questionnaire, 2.86% had BDD. BDD was more prevalent or severer in females, married patients, patients with a previous history of orthodontic consultation, and patients with milder IOTN-DHCs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: IOTNDHC was negatively/slightly associated with BDD in orthodontic patients. Being female and married may increase BDD risk.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine mothers' ideal and actual parenting behaviors toward their infants in three parenting domains; social, didactic, and limit setting. A total of 264 mothers of young children under age three from Seoul, Korea completed Parental Style Questionnaires (PSQ). Mothers' self report on their ideal and actual parenting were explored as a function of child sex, age, and birth order. As expected, there were significant differences between mothers' ideal and actual behaviors in all three parenting domains: Mothers' ideal behaviors such as social interaction, didactic interaction and limit setting were higher than those of their actual behaviors. For mothers' ideal parenting, results revealed neither significant main effects nor interaction effects. However, the Parenting Domain x Birth-Order 2-way interaction and the Parenting Domain x Child Age 2-way interaction were significant for mothers' actual behaviors. Specifically, mothers reported more social and didactic behaviors with their first-born than later born children, but not for limit setting behavior. It was also found that higher limit setting behaviors were apparent for their 2- and 3-year-old than 1-year old children whereas lower social interactions were found for 3-year-old than for 1-year-old. In light of universality and uniqueness, mothers' parenting behavior toward young children has been discussed.