• 펄프종이기술
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2000

Due to environmental proessures there is increasing use of hydrogen peroxide as a total or partial substitute for chlorine based bleaching agents within ECF or TCF sequences. However, to aceive satifactory brightness using peroxide alone, stages having a combination of high temperature, pressure, pH or residence time are required. It may also have negative impact on fiber quality . Therefore, it would be of advantage if vertain means could be found to make hydrogen peroxide more effective in bleacing , via shortening treaction time and allevaiating the need for such forcing reaction conditions. This can be achieve by converting the peroxide in-situ to stronger oxidant through the use of 손 bleach activator. In this study to investigate the influence of additives, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) and Molybdate (MO) . addition on peroxide bleaching were carried out. Under alkaline conditions the bleching additives. TAED and Mo. can react H2O2 to form peracetic acid and peroxomolybdate respectively and these generated activators can improve deliginification,. The activators make it possible to bleach the pulp efficiently at low temperature in the range 50 to 7$0^{\circ}C$. Also, addition of TAED and Mo is an environmentally friendly way of enhancing the performance of peroxide bleaching can be incorporated into TCF and ECF sequences.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2017

Geopolymer concrete is environmentally friendly and could be considered as a construction material to promote the sustainable development. In this paper fly ash based geopolymer concretes with different percentages of alccofine were made by mixing sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as an alkaline activator and cured at ambient as well as heat environment in an electric oven at $90^{\circ}C$. Effects of various parameters such as the percentage of alccofine, curing temperature, a period of curing, fly ash content, was studied on compressive strength as well as workability of geopolymer concrete. The study concludes that the presence of alccofine improves the properties of geopolymer concrete during a fresh and hardened state of concrete. Geopolymer concrete in the presence of alccofine can be used for the general purpose of concrete as required compressive strength can be achieved even at ambient temperature. The 28 days compressive strength of 73 MPa, when cured at 90-degree Celsius, confirmed that it is also very suitable for precast concrete components.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2021

In recent years, geopolymer cements, have gained significant attention as an environmental-friendly type of cement. In this experimental research, effects of different alkaline activator solutions and variations of associated parameters, including time of addition, concentration, and weight ratio, on the mechanical strengths of Granulated Ground Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)-based Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) were investigated. Investigation of the effects of simultaneous usage of KOH and NaOH solutions on the tensile and flexural strengths of GGBFS-based GPC, and the influence of NaOH solution addition time delay on the mechanical strengths is among the novel aspects investigated in this research. four series of mix designs and corresponding specimen testing is conducted to study different parameters of the active alkali solutions on GPC mechanical strengths. The results showed that addition of NaOH to the mix after 3 min of mixing KOH and Na2SiO3 with dry components (1/3 of the total mixing duration) resulted in the highest compressive, tensile and flexural strengths amongst other cases. Moreover, increasing the KOH concentration up to 12 M resulted in the highest compressive strength, while weight ratio of 1.5 for Na2SiO3/KOH was the optimum value to achieve highest compressive strengths.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2021

Geopolymer binders fascinate the attention of researchers as a replacement to cement binder in conventional concrete. One-ton production of cement releases one ton of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere. In the replacement of cement by geopolymer material, there are two advantages: one is the reduction of CO₂ in the atmosphere, second is the utilization of Fly ash and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) are by-products from coal and steel industries. This paper focuses on the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. The framework considered in this research work is geopolymer source (Fly ash, GGBFS and crimped steel fibre) and alkaline activator which consists of NaOH and Na₂SiO₃ of molarity 8M. Here the Na₂SiO₃ / NaOH ratio was taken as 2.5. The variables considered in this experimental work include Binder content (360,420 and 450 kg/m³), the proportion of Fly ash and GGBS (70-30, 60-40 and 50-50) for three different grades of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) GPC 20, GPC 40 and GPC 60. The percentage of crimped steel fibres was varied as 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. Generally, the inclusion of steel fibres increases the flexural and split tensile strength of Geopolymer concrete. The optimum dosage of steel fibres was found to be 0.4% (by volume fraction).

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 플라이애시와 고로슬래그시멘트를 혼합한 결합재에 알칼리 활성화제와 해수 및 증류수를 사용하여 제작한 경화된 시편에 대해 물리적 및 미세구조 특성을 분석하였다. 플라이애시와 고로슬래그시멘트의 결합재 혼합 중량비는 6:4, 7:3 및 8:2로 하였으며, 수산화나트륨과 규산나트륨을 결합재의 각각 5wt%로 하여 활성화제로 사용하였다. 재령 3, 7 및 28일에 대해 압축강도 및 흡수율을 측정하였으며, 재령 28일에 XRD, TGA 및 MIP 시험을 실시하였다. 배합수의 종류와 관계없이, 알칼리 활성화된 결합재는 고로슬래그시멘트 혼합비가 증가할수록 ettringite 및 C-S-H의 생성량이 많아졌으며, 또한 50 nm 보다 큰 공극들이 줄어듦에 따라 압축강도가 높아지는 결과를 보여주었다. 본 연구의 모든 배합에 대해서 공통적으로 확인된 반응생성물로는 C-S-H, $Ca(OH)_2$ 및 calcite인 것으로 나타났다. 해수를 사용한 시편들과 증류수를 사용한 시편들 내에 생성된 주요 반응생성물의 차이는 hydrocalumite인 것으로 나타났다. 각각의 결합재 혼합 중량비에 대해서 증류수 및 해수 사용에 따른 시편들의 압축강도에서는 배합수로 해수가 사용되더라도 증류수가 사용된 시편과 대체적으로 유사한 강도발현을 나타내었으며, 또한 재령에 따른 강도증진율이 증류수가 사용된 시편보다 뛰어난 경우도 확인되었다. 배합수로서의 해수 사용은 해수에 함유되어 있는 염화 이온(Cl-)이 결합되면서 생성된 hydrocalumite가 공극을 매우면서 시편 내의 총공극용적을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Gallus gallus domesticus (GD) is a natural mutant breed of chicken in Korea with an atypical characterization of melanin in its tissue. This study investigated the effects of melanin extracts of GD on osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast formation. MATERIALS/METHODS: The effects of the melanin extract of GD on human osteoblast MG-63 cell differentiation were examined by evaluating cell viability, osteoblast differentiation, and expression of osteoblast-specific transcription factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), small mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 5 (SMAD5), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin and type 1 collagen (COL-1) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. We investigated the inhibitory effect of melanin on the osteoclasts formation through tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and TRAP stains in Raw 264.7 cell. RESULTS: The melanin extract of GD was not cytotoxic to MG-63 cells at concentrations of $50-250{\mu}g/mL$. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone mineralization of melanin extract-treated cells increased in a dose-dependent manner from 50 to $250{\mu}g/mL$ and were 149% and 129% at $250{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively (P < 0.05). The levels of BMP-2, osteocalcin, and COL-1 gene expression were significantly upregulated by 1.72-, 4.44-, and 2.12-fold in melanin-treated cells than in the control cells (P < 0.05). The levels of RUNX2 and SMAD5 proteins were higher in melanin-treated cells than in control vehicle-treated cells. The melanin extract attenuated the formation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced TRAP-positive multinucleated RAW 264.7 cells by 22%, and was 77% cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 macrophages at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that the melanin extract promoted osteoblast differentiation by activating BMP/SMADs/RUNX2 signaling and regulating transcription of osteogenic genes such as ALP, type I collagen, and osteocalcin. These results suggest that the effective osteoblastic differentiation induced by melanin extract from GD makes it potentially useful in maintaining bone health.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

본 연구는 알칼리 활성 모르타르를 활용하기 위한 기초적 연구로 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 모르타르 및 알칼리 활성 모르타르에 감수제 종류 및 첨가율 변화를 적용하여 기초적인 특성을 파악하고자 하였는데, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 플로우의 경우 감수제 종류와 관계없이 치환율이 증가함에 따라 유동성이 향상되었으며, OPC-Pn의 경우는 플로우치가 크게 증가하는데 비해 AA의 경우는 증가량이 크지 않았으며, AA중에서는 AA-Pn이 가장 우수하였다. 한편, OPC 및 AA에 액상 및 분말형 Pn 첨가에 따른 플로우의 경우는 OPC 첨가율이 증가함에 따라 유동성이 증가하였으며, AA의 경우는 AA-PN-L(액상형)의 경우보다 AA-Pn-P(분말형)의 경우가 유동성이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 공기량은 OPC의 경우는 첨가율이 증가함에 따라 공기량 분포가 증가되었으며, AA는 변화가 없거나 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, OPC에 액상 및 분말형 Pn 첨가율에 따른 공기량은 0.3% 이상 첨가할 경우 공기량이 큰 폭으로 증가되었는데, AA의 경우는 첨가율에 따른 공기량 변화는 크지 않았다. 압축강도의 경우는 OPC에 비해 AA가 전반적으로 강도발현이 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 재령 및 첨가율이 증가함에 따라 강도가 저하 혹은 유사하였고, 특히 AA-Pn 1%의 경우가 가장 우수한 강도 값을 나타내었다. 이상을 종합하면 감수제 종류 변화에 따라서는 Pn의 경우가 유동성 및 강도적인 측면에서 가장 우수한 결과를 나타냄으로써, 알칼리 활성 모르타르의 혼화제로써 활용성이 양호한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2020

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the bone regeneration effects of Sintongchukea-tang (SC) on rib fractured rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (normal, control, positive control, SC low [SC-L] and SC high [SC-H]). All groups were subject to fractured rib except normal group. Normal group received no treatment at all. Control group was orally fed with phosphate buffered saline, and positive control group was medicated with tramadol (20 mg/kg). SC group was orally medicated with SC (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days. The fracture healing process was observed by x-ray, micro CT and fracture tissue slide was observed by immunohistochemical staining. We analysed levels of transforming growth factor-β1, Ki67, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and analysed levels of Osteocalcin in plasma. We measured levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ALP, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in plasma, for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of SC. Results Though X-ray and micro-computed tomography, more callus formation was observed and bone union was progressing. Through Hematoxylin and Eosin, callus formation was increased compared to the control group. Runx2 level at SC-H was significantly increased and TRAP level at SC-L was significantly decreased compared with the control group. AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine were not statistically different from the control group. Conclusions As described above, SC promoted fracture healing by stimulating the bone regeneration factor. And SC shows no hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, it seems that SC helps to promote fracture regeneration and it can be used clinically to patients with fracture.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.23-44
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the healing effect of Hyeolbuchugeo-tang (HC) in rats with rib fracture. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (naive, control, positive control, HC-L and HC-H). All groups except naive group were subjected to bone fracture of rib. Naive group received no treatment at all. Control group was fed with phosphate buffered saline. Positive control group was orally medicated with tramadol. Experimental group was orally medicated with HC extract (50 mg/kg for low concentration [HC-L], 100 mg/kg for high concentration [HC-H]). X-ray and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) were conducted to assess the effect of HC. We analysed the level of 2) transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Ki67, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) on 7 and 14 days after fracture. ALP, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine was measured for safety assessment. Results X-ray and micro-CT, showed HC enhance bone repair process. Callus formation was increased in experimental group at 7 days after fracture, but decreased at 14 days after fracture. 7 days after fracture, the level of TGF-β1 in experimental group was decreased. The level of Ki67, Runx2 in HC-H, TRAP in HC-L was increased. 14 days after fracture, the level of Ki67 in HC-L and HC-H was decreased. The level of ALP, Runx2, BUN in HC-L, TRAP in HC-L and HC-H was increased. Conclusions Taken together the results, HC promoted healing of bone fracture. In conclusion, HC has a potential to promote healing of bone fracture.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.201-218
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• 2018

In this study, the effects of magnesium sulfate on the mechanical performance and the durability of confined and unconfined geopolymer concrete (GPC) specimens were investigated. The carbon and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) fabrics with 1-layer and 3-layers were used to evaluate the performances of the specimens under static and cyclic loading in the ambient and magnesium sulfate environments. In addition, the use of FRP materials as a rehabilitation technique was also studied. For the geopolymerization process of GPC specimens, the alkaline activator has selected a mixture of sodium silicate solution ($Na_2SiO_3$) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) with a ratio ($Na_2SiO_3/NaOH$) of 2.5. In addition to GPC specimens, an ordinary concrete (NC) specimens were also produced as a reference specimens and some of the GPC and NC specimens were immersed in 5% magnesium sulfate solutions. The mechanical performance and the durability of the specimens were evaluated by visual appearance, weight change, static and cyclic loading, and failure modes of the specimens under magnesium sulfate and ambient environments. In addition, the microscopic changes of the specimens due to sulfate attack were also assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the macroscale behavior of the specimens. Results indicated that geopolymer specimens produced with nano-silica and fly ash showed superior performance than the NC specimens in the sulfate environment. In addition, confined specimens with FRP fabrics significantly improved the compressive strength, ductility and durability resistance of the specimens and the improvement was found higher with the increased number of FRP layers. Specimens wrapped with carbon FRP fabrics showed better mechanical performance and durability properties than the specimens wrapped with basalt FRP fabrics. Both FRP materials can be used as a rehabilitation material in the sulfate environment.