DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Performance of FRP confined and unconfined geopolymer concrete exposed to sulfate attacks

  • 투고 : 2018.04.16
  • 심사 : 2018.08.18
  • 발행 : 2018.10.25

초록

In this study, the effects of magnesium sulfate on the mechanical performance and the durability of confined and unconfined geopolymer concrete (GPC) specimens were investigated. The carbon and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) fabrics with 1-layer and 3-layers were used to evaluate the performances of the specimens under static and cyclic loading in the ambient and magnesium sulfate environments. In addition, the use of FRP materials as a rehabilitation technique was also studied. For the geopolymerization process of GPC specimens, the alkaline activator has selected a mixture of sodium silicate solution ($Na_2SiO_3$) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) with a ratio ($Na_2SiO_3/NaOH$) of 2.5. In addition to GPC specimens, an ordinary concrete (NC) specimens were also produced as a reference specimens and some of the GPC and NC specimens were immersed in 5% magnesium sulfate solutions. The mechanical performance and the durability of the specimens were evaluated by visual appearance, weight change, static and cyclic loading, and failure modes of the specimens under magnesium sulfate and ambient environments. In addition, the microscopic changes of the specimens due to sulfate attack were also assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the macroscale behavior of the specimens. Results indicated that geopolymer specimens produced with nano-silica and fly ash showed superior performance than the NC specimens in the sulfate environment. In addition, confined specimens with FRP fabrics significantly improved the compressive strength, ductility and durability resistance of the specimens and the improvement was found higher with the increased number of FRP layers. Specimens wrapped with carbon FRP fabrics showed better mechanical performance and durability properties than the specimens wrapped with basalt FRP fabrics. Both FRP materials can be used as a rehabilitation material in the sulfate environment.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abdelrahman, K. and El-Hacha, R. (2011), "Behavior of largescale concrete columns wrapped with CFRP and SFRP sheets", J. Compos. Constr., 16(4), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000278
  2. ASTM C267 (2003), Standard Test Methods For Chemical Resistance Of Mortars, Grouts, And Monolithic Surfacings And Polymer Concretes; American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  3. ASTM C39/C39M-12 (2012), Standard Test Method For Compressive Strength Of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens; Annual book of ASTM standard, (Vol. 4-2), Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  4. Attiogbe, E.K. and Rizkalla, S.H. (1988), "Response of concrete to sulfuric acid attack", ACI Mater. J., 85(6), 481-488.
  5. Bakharev, T. (2005), "Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack", Cement Concrete Res., 35(4), 658-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005
  6. Bakis, C.E., Bank, L.C., Brown, V.L., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J.F., Lesko, J.J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S.H. and Triantafillou, T.C. (2002), "Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction - State-of-the-art review", J. Compos. Constr., 6(2), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73)
  7. Baldvin, E. (2011), "Experimental Research on BFRP Confined Concrete Columns", Master of Science Thesis; University of Reykjavik, Iceland.
  8. Bassuoni, M.T. and Nehdi, M.L. (2007), "Resistance of selfconsolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction", Cement Concrete Res., 37(7), 1070-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014
  9. Belkowitz, J.S., Belkowitz, W.L.B., Nawrocki, K. and Fisher, F.T. (2015), "Impact of nanosilica size and surface area on concrete properties", ACI Mater. J., 112(3), 419-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51687397
  10. Bondar, D., Lynsdale, C.J., Milestone, N.B. and Hassani, N. (2015), "Sulfate Resistance of Alkali Activated Pozzolans", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 9(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0093-0
  11. Chaallal, O., Hassan, M. and Shahawy, M. (2003), "Confinement model for axially loaded short rectangular columns strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer wrapping", Struct. J., 100(2), 215-221.
  12. Cevik, A., Alzeebaree, R., Humur, G., Nis, A. and Gulsan, M.E. (2018), "Effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete", Ceramics Int., 44(11), 12253-12264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.009
  13. Chi, M. and Huang, R. (2013), "Binding mechanism and properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.003
  14. Chindaprasirt, P., Rattanasak, U. and Taebuanhuad, S. (2012), "Resistance to acid and sulfate solutions of microwave-assisted high calcium fly ash geopolymer", Mater. Struct., 46(3), 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9907-1
  15. Davidovits, J. (1994), "Properties of geopolymer cements", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, Kiev State Technical University, Ukraine: Scientific Research Institute on Binders and Materials, 1, 131-149.
  16. Deb, P.S., Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K. (2014), "The effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag blending with fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength properties of geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature", Mater. Des., 62, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.001
  17. Demers, M. and Neale, K.W. (1994), "Strengthening of concrete columns with unidirectional composite sheets", Development in Short and Medium Span Bridge Engineering '94, Proceedings, 4th International Conference on Short and Medium Bridges, (A.A. Mufti, B. Bakht, and L.G. Jaeger, Eds.), Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal, Canada, pp. 895-905.
  18. Dombrowski, K., Buchwald, A. and Weil, M. (2007), "The influence of calcium content on the structure and thermal performance of fly ash based geopolymers", J. Mater. Sci., 42(9), 3033-3043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0532-7
  19. Duxson, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A. and Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007), "Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art", J. Mater. Sci., 42(9), 2917-2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
  20. Garg, D.M., Sharma, S., Sharma, S. and Mehta, R. (2017), "Effect of hygrothermal aging on GFRP composites in marine environment", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 25(1), 93-104.
  21. Gulsan, M.E., Mohammedameen, A., Sahmaran, M., Nis, A., Alzeebaree, R. and Cevik, A. (2018), "Effects of sulphuric acid on mechanical and durability properties of PVA-ECC composites confined with CFRP and BFRP fabrics", Adv. Concrete Constr., Int. J., 6(2), 199-220.
  22. Hamilton, H.R., Benmokrane, B., Dolan, C.W. and Sprinkel, M.M. (2009), "Polymer materials to enhance performance of concrete in civil infrastructure", Polym. Rev., 49(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720802656153
  23. Hardjito, D. and Rangan, B.V. (2005), "Development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete", Research Report GC 1; Faculty of Engineering Curtin University of Technology Perth, Australia.
  24. Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., Sumajouw, D.M.J. and Rangan, B.V. (2004), "On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete", Mater. J., 101(6), 467-472.
  25. Jo, B.W., Park, S.K. and Park, M.S. (2007), "Strength and hardening characteristics of activated fly ash mortars", Magaz. Concrete Res., 59(2), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.2.121
  26. Khale, D. and Chaudhary, R. (2007), "Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: A review", J. Mater. Sci., 42(3), 729-746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4
  27. Kumaravel, S. and Girija, K. (2013), "Acid and salt resistance of geopolymer concrete with varying concentration of NaOH", J. Eng. Res. Studies, 4(4), 1-3.
  28. Lam, L., Teng, J.G., Cheung, C.H. and Xiao, Y. (2006), "FRPconfined concrete under axial cyclic compression", Cement Concrete Compos., 28(10), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.007
  29. Lezgy-Nazargah, M., Dezhangah, M. and Sepehrinia, M. (2018), "The effects of different FRP/concrete bond-slip laws on the 3D nonlinear FE modeling of retrofitted RC beams - A sensitivity analysis", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 26(3), 347-360.
  30. Li, Z. and Ding, Z. (2003), "Property improvement of Portland cement by incorporating with metakaolin and slag", Cement Concrete Res., 33(4), 579-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01025-6
  31. Li, S. and Roy, D.M. (1988), "Preparation and characterization of high and low CaO/SiO2 ratio "pure" C--S--H for chemically bonded ceramics", J. Mater. Res., 3(2), 380-386. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1988.0380
  32. Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Li, V., Su, H. and Gu, C. (2017), "Durability study on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under sulfate and chloride environment", Constr. Build. Mater., 133, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.074
  33. Lloyd, N. and Rangan, B.V. (2010), "Geopolymer Concrete: a Review of Development and Opportunities", Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures.
  34. Lokuge, W., Setunge, S. and Sanjayan, J.G. (2010), "Stress-strain model for high strength concrete confined by FRP", Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials: Incorporating Sustainable Practice in Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM21), pp/ 481-486.
  35. Mobili, A., Belli, A., Giosue, C., Bellezze, T. and Tittarelli, F. (2016), "Metakaolin and fly ash alkali-activated mortars compared with cementitious mortars at the same strength class", Cement Concrete Res., 88, 198-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.07.004
  36. Nanni, N. and Bradford, N.M. (1995), "FRP jacketed concrete under uniaxial compression", Constr. Build. Mater., 9(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00004-Y
  37. Nazari, A. and Sanjayan, J.G. (2015), "Modelling of compressive strength of geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete by optimized support vector machine", Ceramics Int., 41(9), 12164-12177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.037
  38. Olivia, M. and Nikraz, H. (2012), "Properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete designed by Taguchi method", Mater. Des. (1980-2015), 36, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.10.036
  39. Partha, S.D., Pradip, N. and and Prabir, K.S. (2013), "Strength and permeation properties of slag blended fly ash based geopolymer concrete", Adv. Mater. Res., 651, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.651.168
  40. Photiou, N.K., Hollaway, L.C. and Chryssanthopoulos, M.K. (2006), "Strengthening of an artificially degraded steel beam utilising a carbon / glass composite system", In: Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in Construction, 20, 11-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.043
  41. Shah, S.P., Fafitis, A. and Arnold, R. (1983), "Cyclic loading of spirally reinforced concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 109(7), 1695-1710. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:7(1695)
  42. Soroka, I. (1979), Portland Cement Paste and Concrete, Macmillan Press, London, UK, pp. 151-152.
  43. Taghia, P. and Bakar, S.A. (2013), "Mechanical behaviour of confined reinforced concrete-CFRP short column-based on finite element analysis", World Appl. Sci. J., 24(7), 960-970.
  44. Taylor, H.F.W., Famy, C. and Scrivener, K.L. (2001), "Delayed ettringite formation", Cement Concrete Res., 31(5), 683-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00466-5
  45. Thokchom, S., Ghosh, P. and Ghosh, S. (2010), "Performance of fly ash based geopolymer mortars in sulphate solution", J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev., 3(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.031.07
  46. Tulliani, J., Montanaro, L., Negro, A. and Collepardi, M. (2002), "Sulfate attack of concrete building foundations induced by sewage waters", Cement Concrete Res., 32(6), 843-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00752-9
  47. Turker, F., Akoz, F., Koral, S. and Yuzer, N. (1997), "Effects of magnesium sulfate concentration on the sulfate resistance of mortars with and without silica fume", Cement Concrete Res., 27(2), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00009-4
  48. Visitanupong, C. (2009), "Durability of Fly ash Based Geopolymer Mortar", Thesis Approval; Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Thailand.
  49. Wallah, S.E. and Rangan, B.V. (2006), "Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-Term Properties", Curtin Research Publication Report.
  50. Wallah, S.E., Hardjito, D., Sumajouw, D.M.J. and Rangan, B.V. (2005), "Sulfate and acid resistance of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete", Proceedings of the Australian Structural Engineering Conference Sydney, N.S.W.: Engineers Australia, pp. 733-742.
  51. Wang, P., Jiang, M., Chen, H., Jin, F., Zhou, J., Zheng, Q. and Fan, H. (2017), "Load carrying capacity of CFRP retrofitted broken concrete arch", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 23(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.2.187
  52. Zhang, Z. and Zhang, Q. (2017), "Self-healing ability of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) under different exposure environments", Constr. Build. Mater., 156, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.166