• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1247-1256
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• 2010

Since biodiesel as bioenergy is defined as ester compounds formed by esterification of animal/vegetable oils, in this study three vegetable cooking oils (market, waste and refined waste ones) were esterified by reactions of alkali catalyst and immobilized enzyme. The fatty acid composition of the formed ester compounds was analyzed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production. By lipolysis (i.e, hydrolysis of Triglyceride (TG)), all three vegetable oils used in this study were found to produce Diglyceride (DG), Monoglyceride (MD) and Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE). However, the amount of produced FAEE (which can be used as an energy source) was in the increasing order of market cooking oil, waste one and refined waste one. With NaOH catalyst, FAEE was produced about 24.92, 17.63 and 11.31 % for the respective oils while adding Lipozyme TL produced FAEE about 43.54, 38.16 and 24.47 %, respectively. This indicates that enzyme catalyst is more effective than alkali one for transesterification. In addition, it was found that the composition of fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of TG was unchanged with alkali and immobilized enzyme reactions. Thus it can be expected that stable conditions remain in the course of mixing with gasoline whose composition is similar to that of the fatty acids.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 1994

The chemical compositions of pine bark from mechanical pulp industry were determined, and effect of Ca base acid sulfite on bark cooking was investigated under various conditions. The pine bark was composed of 39.5 % alkali extractives, 50.3 % lignin, and a small amount of carbohydrate. The contents of alkali extractives and lignin were remarkably higher than those of pine wood. The bark was composed of high content of arabinose and xylose, while the wood was composed of high content of mannose. When pine bark was cooked with 75 % free acid at 145 $^{\circ}C$, the rate of cooking and delignification was improved with the increase of total acid, but it was very difficult to delignify the bark by 50 % and over under these conditions. In the presence of 60~65 % free acid and at 155~165 $^{\circ}C$, initial cooking rate, delignification, and delignification selectivity were considerably increased, but condensation reaction of lignin was considerable at the end of cooking. Therefore, it was shown that pine bark was very difficult to delignify by the Ca-base acid sulfite cooking.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

고추줄기의 화학 조성분과 lignin 화학구조를 분석하였고, 알칼리 증해 적성과 pulp의 섬유장을 측정한 후 목재와 비교하였다. 고추줄기의 화학 조성은 목재에 비해 추출성분, 회분함량이 높았으며, Klason lignin은 침·활엽수의 중간 정도의 함량을 나타내었다. 고추줄기 Klason lignin의 원소분석은 자작나무의 Klason lignin과 비교하여 탄소와 수소는 유사한 양으로 나타난 반면 산소의 함량은 낮게 나타나고 질소의 함량은 비교적 높게 나타났다. 니트로벤젠 산화분해는 S/V가 1보다 낮으므로 고추줄기 리그닌은 vanillin의 양이 syringaldehyde보다 상당히 많은 침엽수 리그닌과 유사한 구조를 보이는 것으로 추정되었다. 고추줄기의 알칼리 증해 적성은 활성알칼리 20%, 액비 1:7의 조건하에서 0.2%-Anthraquinone을 첨가하여 증해하는 것이 리그닌 함량과 수율면에서 최적 증해 조건이었다. 고추줄기 pulp의 섬유장은 약 0.47 mm로 보통 목재섬유에 비해서 매우 짧아 고추대 만으로 제지용 pulp를 제조하는 것보다는 목재 pulp와 혼합하여 사용하거나 비교적 단섬유가 많이 필요한 특수한 용도로 사용 가능하다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the pollution-free Korean traditional papermaking characteristics from paper mulberry by sulfomethylation pulping. Bast fibers were pulped by sulfomethylated cooking liquor, and by alkali and alkali-peroxide processes for the comparison. Sulfomethylated pulping resulted in the superior pulp with high yield and better quality compared to those of alkali and alkali-peroxide pulps. Since the pulp was so bright, there was almost no need additional bleaching. Pollutant loads of sulfomethylated pulping effluent were very low in terms of pH, turbidity and color compared to those of alkali. Pollution-free effluents was accomplished by simple filtering treatment with pine bark, charred rice hull and sawdust compost. Pine bark was the most effective in reduction rate of pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1976

본실험(本實驗)은 일본잎갈나무재(材)를 공시원료(供試原料)로 하여 UKP 제조시(製造時) 활성(活性)알칼리 농도(濃度)가 탈(脫)리그닌 및 펌프품질에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하여 그 최적(最適) 펄프화 조건(條件)을 확립(確立)코자 실시한 바, 그 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 일본 잎갈나무재(材)는 비중(比重)이 0.42, 섬유장(纖維長)이 3.34 mm, 섬유폭(纖維幅)이 0.035mm로서 다른 침엽수류(針葉樹類)와 비슷하였다. 2) 일본잎갈나무는 다른 침엽수(針葉樹)와 달리 holocellulose 및 pentosan의 함량(含量)이 낮고 lignin 함량(含量)이 높아 펄프 수율(收率)을 저하(低下)시키는 결점(缺點)을 갖고 있다. 3) 활성(活性)알칼리 농도(濃度)의 증가(增加)에 따라 lignin 함량(含量)과 펄프 수율(收率)이 감소했다. 4) 활성(活性)알칼리 농도(濃度) 18~21%에서 최고(最高)의 정선수율(精選收率)이 나타났다. 5) 탈(脫)리그닌화(化)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 펄프의 명해성(明解性)이 개선되었다. 6) pulp sheet의 백색도(白色度)는 탈(脫)리그닌정도(程度)와 비례관계가 있었다. 7) 일본잎갈나무 UKP의 비파열도(比破裂度) 및 열단장(裂斷長)은 평균수준 이었으나 비인열도(比引裂度)가 매우 높아 중색열지용(中色裂紙用)으로 적합(適合)하였다. 8) 활성(活性)알칼리 농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 공시(供試)펄프의 제반강도(强度)가 개선되었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권5호통권113호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2005

This paper deals the effect of anthraquinone (AQ) on the contribution of sulphidity in kraft pulping of sapwood. The pulping conditions namely- active alkali concentration, pulpingtime, temperature and liquor ratio were varied in low ($15\%$) and high ($30\%$) sulphidity. $0.1\%$ AQ was added in the low and high sulphidity pulping with varying active alkali concentration and cooking time. At optimum conditions, low sulphidity kraft process produced about $44\%$ pulp yield with kappa number of about 23. But in high sulphidity kraft process kappa number was reduced to about 20 at the same yield. An addition of AQ reduced alkali requirement by $2\%$ on oven dried raw material and cooking time by 1 hour to produce pulp yield of about $44\%$ at kappa number 20. AQ is more effective in low sulphidity pulping than the high sulphidity pulping. The breaking length of kraft-AQ pulp was slightly higher than that of kraft pulp.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the papermaking characteristics for New Hanji (Korean Paper) products from paper mulberries by new pulping processes. So far wood ash extractives or NaOH only have been used for cooking chemicals at the atmospheric condition. Also bast fibers only have been used as raw materials for Hanji, In this study, as the alternatives to the conventional cooking, alkali, alkali-peroxide and sulfomethylated cookings were applied at the pressurized condition for Hanji pulping, Also bast fibers, woody parts and whole woods are attempting for being utilize as new raw materials for special Hanji. Anatomical and chemical properties of 3 paper mulberry species and their pulping characteristics were analyzed.

• 기술사
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2000

The effects of alkali salts adding on the cooking quality improving in dried noodles were investigated in the good texture maintaining for preventing solid soluble losses ,through chemical analysis and actual manufacturing practice ,the following results were obtained. Experiments were took a special flour of ASW:DNS=70:30, thickening agent(TA) composed of K2CO3 58%, Na2CO3 36% and Na4P2076%, and emulsified oil(EO) mixing of corn oil 44%, polysorbate 23%, emulsifier(ester of glycerin and fatty acids) 21%, soy lecithin 12%. When the mixing ratio of TA and EO to flour, is 0.03 and 1.5%(w/w) or morel than, satisfied the good quality. The water soluble solid matters content of the lowest 3.2% in the treating group that TA and EO is 0.03 and 1.5%(w/w) respectively, comparing to the 7.3% in the control group provides a excellent cooking quality. The research achieves the similar effects at specific gravity, water absorption ratio, weight increasing rate and volume expansion ratio. According to appearance test the more treating of TA turn the noodle into deeper yellow-green color. Turning to the deeper yellow color according to the increasing of EO provides better

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1776-1783
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• 2006

Despite being a rich source of protein (28-34%), karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is found to be bitter in taste and toxic in nature owing to the presence of flavonoid (karanjin), tannin and trypsin inhibitor, thereby restricting its safe inclusion in poultry rations. Feeding of karanj cake at higher levels (>10%) adversely affected the growth performance of poultry due to the presence of these toxic factors. Therefore, efforts were made to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods such as dry heat, water washing, pressure cooking, alkali and acid treatments and microbiological treatment with Sacchraromyces cerevisiae (strain S-49). The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and tannin and trypsin inhibitor was quantified by titrametric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The karanjin, tannin and trypsin inhibitor levels in such solvent and expeller pressed karanj cake were 0.132, 3.766 and 6.550 and 0.324, 3.172 and 8.513%, respectively. Pressure-cooking of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) substantially reduced the karanjin content at a cake:water ratio of 1:0.5 with 30-minute cooking. Among chemical methods, 1.5% (w/w) NaOH was very effective in reducing the karanjin content. $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment was also equally effective in karanjin reduction, but at a higher concentration of 3.0% (w/w). A similar trend was noticed with respect to treatment of expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC). Pressure cooking of EKC was effective in reducing the karanjin level of the cake. Among chemical methods alkali treatment [2% (w/w) NaOH] substantially reduced the karanjin levels of the cake. Other methods such as water washing, dry heat, HCl, glacial acetic acid, urea-ammoniation, combined acid and alkali, and microbiological treatments marginally reduced the karanjin concentration of SKC and EKC. Treatment of both SKC and EKC with 1.5% and 2.0% NaOH (w/w) was the most effective method in reducing the tannin content. Among the various methods of detoxification, dry heat, pressure cooking and microbiological treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were substantially effective in reducing the trypsin inhibitor activity in both SKC and EKC. Based on reduction in karanjin, in addition to tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity, detoxification of SKC with either 1.5% NaOH or 3% $Ca(OH)_2$, w/w) and with 2% NaOH were more effective. Despite the effectiveness of pressure cooking in reducing the karanjin content, it could not be recommended for detoxification because of the practical difficulties in adopting the technology as well as for economic considerations.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1996

In this study, bast fibers, woody parts and whole woods were pulped separately by alkali, alkali-hydrogen peroxide and sulfomethylated processes and their papermaking characteristics for the special Hanji were evaluated. Also properties of new Hanji products obtained from mixed stocks of various ratios were discussed. Solfomethylated pulps were shown higher brightness and sheet strengths than those from alkali and alkali-peroxide pulps. On the mechanical properties of Hanjis mixed with bast-and woody-parts pulps, and with bast and whole stem pulps, handsheet strengths were decreased with the increasing contents of woody and whole stem pulps. Various Hanjis could make by various mixing of separated cooked Pulps. Especially an excellant Hwaseonji(calligrapy Paper) could be made by one stage cooking of whole stem of paper mulberry by sulfomethylated pulping method.