• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.220-256
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• 2022

The most important thing for conserving plant diversity in an area is to make an overall inventory of the plant species inhabiting the area. In particular, limestone areas are known for their high plant diversity and distribution of specific plants. Despite that, only a few have been designated as protected areas. This study investigated the vascular plants distributed in Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn., located in limestone areas of the central part of the Korean Peninsula. A field survey was conducted eight times from April to October 2021. As a result, we identified a total of 654 taxa comprising 113 families, 357 genera, 592 species, 15 subspecies, 44 varieties, and 3 formulas. They included four endangered wild plant species: Astilboides tabularis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Cypripedium macranthos, and Epilobium hirsutum. Endemic plants in Korea were identified as 32 taxa. Floristic target plants were identified as 168 taxa, specifically 5 taxa of grade V, 41 taxa of grade IV, and 36 taxa of grade III. The red data plants included 2 taxa as "Endangered (EN)", 7 taxa as "Vulnerable (VU)", and 7 taxa as "Near threatened (NT)". A total of 41 taxa of naturalized plants were identified, and 4 of them were invasive alien plants. The surveyed vicinity of Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn. showed high plant diversity and contained core habitats for distribution of an endangered wild plant, Astilboides tabularis,in the limestone area. Moreover, both mountains contained a small population of Cotoneaster integerrimus. These findings confirm that the area has conservation values. Therefore, we propose to identify areas with high plant diversity and designate them as special protected areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.48-59
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• 2014

This study was carried out to present raw data on managing the restored urban stream by studying the naturalized plants distributed in Gaeumjeong Stream, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The results were as follows. The numbers of naturalized plants were summarized as 45 taxa including 17 families, 36 genera, 43 species and 2 varieties. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Lactuca sativa. The following summarizes the attributes of the naturalized plants. Most of the plants commonly originated from Europe and North America. The 5 naturalized degree that was widely distributed and had many individual was the most common. Until 1921, after the opening of 1 period was the most common in the introduced period. Section 12 had the highest NI at 41.9%, and the lowest, at 20.5%, in sections 9 and 19 were analyzed. Section 1 had the highest UI at 6.2%, whereas, the lowest, at 2.5%, was calculated in sections 19 and 20. Section 2 showed the highest DI at 16.7%. The first results of the analysis of the causes for the invasion of naturalized plants on the riverside and waterways, and physical factors and maintenance are directly affected. Second, sewage, muddy water and sediment deposits this naturalized plant caused by a chemical factor. Third, it is thought that invasive alien plants are irregular as it happens in biological factor. The proposed management plan naturalized plants, the first, disturbance caused by species management is a young object is removed immediately before flowering scape to eliminate or suppress the propagation of physical methods will be needed. Second, the fact that the national spread of native plant species and planting management does not provide space for the growth is very important. Third, agricultural land is disturbed by agricultural practices by interfering with the action of naturalized plants because the source of the river should be prohibited in agriculture. In the future, if we studied the naturalized plants distributed in restored streams located in Changwon-si, the characteristics of change in the ecosystem impact is expected to be beneficial.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to identify the life form characteristics, naturalized degree and introduction period of naturalized plants on upland fields in South Korea. The survey sites were selected in 222 upland fields over 9 provinces where are relatively dry soil conditions and are disturbed continuously by farming practices. It seemed that these uplands maintain good condition for the invasion and settlement of alien plants. Field surveys were carried out twice from May to June and from August to September in 2013. The vascular plants of the upland fields were listed into 539 taxa which contain 103 families, 320 genera, 448 species, 2 subspecies, 74 varieties and 15 forms. Ninety nine taxa were naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 64 genera, 91 species and 8 varieties. The urbanization index and naturalized index is 30.65% and 18.37%, respectively. Among total 99 naturalized plants, Compositae (30 taxa) was the most dominant family, and followed by Gramineae (14 taxa). On the basis of dormancy form, 78 taxa were belong to Th (Therophyte). In radicoid form, $R_5$ plants (86 taxa) and $R_3$ plants (14 taxa) were dominantly distributed. In disseminule form, $D_4$ including 63 taxa and $D_2$ containing 26 taxa were dominant. On the basis of growth form, erect form (e) containing 26 taxa was dominant. In conclusion, life form spectrum was $Th-R_5-D_4-e$ type. According to life form analysis, naturalized degree and introduction period, alien plants with unique characteristics may have high ability to settle and spread nationwide after inflow into South Korea. It needs further to observe some plant species with or without ecological features such as widely disseminated seeds by wind or water, high seed productivity, long life-span seeds, high germination rate of seeds, or non-dormant germinable seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.396-418
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora and the vegetation of Samusan mountain on Jecheon-si, located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. The vascular plants which were collected in 9 times from June 2014 to October 2015 were identified as 502 taxa in total, including 102 families, 314 genera, 445 species, 6 subspecies, 49 varieties, 1 form and 1 hybrid. The largest families were as follows; Asteraceae (70 taxa), Poaceae (52 taxa), Rosaceae (30 taxa), Fabaceae (28 taxa), and Cyperaceae (20 taxa). Of them, Korean endemic plants numbered 10 taxa, and vascular plants listed in the red data according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) numbered 14 taxa. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 61 taxa in total. Among them, 5 taxa revealed the floristic grade V, 11 for floristic grade IV, 14 for floristic grade III, 10 for floristic grade II, and 21 for floristic grade I. The alien plants were identified as 43 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 8.6%, and urbanization index (UI) was 13.4%, respectively. Samples of the forest vegetation on the Samusan Mt. were mainly classified as Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. mongolica, Zelkova serrata and Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The vertical structures of the forest were stable and the DBH-Class analyses showed that the dominant tree species would be maintained. In the surveyed areas, high plant diversity was shown, and a number of endemic, rare, calcicole plants and phytogeographically important plants were found. Nonetheless, numerous and diverse biological resources native have been consistently disturbed or damaged by human activities without some form of protection. Therefore, it is needed to set up strategies for conservation forest vegetation in this study area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.166-198
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• 2020

The flora of vascular plants in the Gibaeksan Mt. County Park and its neighboring mountains, located at the boundary between Geochang-gun and Hamyang-gun in Gyeongsangnam-do province in Korea, were surveyed for a total 46 times from April to September of 2011, in July of 2012, and from April of 2015 to August of 2018. The result of this survey revealed 659 taxa composed of 107 families, 346 genera, 583 species, 14 subspecies, 46 varieties and 6 forms. Among them, 25 taxa were endemic plants to Korea, and 18 taxa were rare and endangered plants of Korea. The floristic regional indicator plants including cultivated plants were 5 taxa of grade V, 5 taxa of grade IV, 29 taxa of grade III, 30 taxa of grade II and 38 taxa of grade I. Forty-three taxa of alien plants were found in this area. In addition, 500 taxa out of a total of 649 taxa were categorized by usage into eight groups, including among others an edible group containing 257 taxa, a medicinal group containing 206, a pasturing group containing 220, and an ornamental group containing 84, with some taxa belonging to more than one group. The flora of this surveyed area belongs to the southern province among the floral provinces of the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1244-1254
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• 2015

Naturalized plants were identified and recorded in Busan city based on field surveys and related literature. These plants consisted of 156 taxa in total, belonging to 31 families, 95 genera, 147 species, and 9 varieties. The Compositae had the highest diversity among 31 families, with 44 taxa, followed by Gramineae, with 24 taxa, and Leguminosae, with 10 taxa Among the plants, 68.6% (107 taxa) were annuals and biennials, and 30.1% (47 taxa) were perennials. There was one shrub (Amorpha fruticosa) and one tree (Robinia pseudoacacia). Naturalized degree 5 plants, as common and abundant plant, founded 26 taxa (96.3%) were most highly ratio from Korean naturalized plants. According to the results of the analysis based on place of origin, 50 (32.1%) taxa were from Europe, and 48 (30.8%) taxa were from North America. Epecophyten was the most common of the naturalized plants, with 123 taxa Sixty-six (42.3%) taxa were introduced during period 1, and 15 (9.6%) were introduced during period 4. Ergasiophygophyten (50.6%) and Kenophyten (32.1%) were the dominant plants in these introduction periods. In conclusion, Busan city acts as a conduit for the introduction of naturalized plants. A sustainable management and monitoring strategy may be needed to prevent the introduction and naturalization of plants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2007

Excess runoff contaminated with N and P can impact the quality of downstream water. It has been known that aquatic plants improve the water quality through their intake of organic or inorganic nutrients. This study was conducted to select aquatic plants having high purification ability for nutrient N and P, and mineral nutrients related to EC such as K, Ca, Na, Cl, and $SO_4$ in raw sewage water in greenhouse. We assessed nutrient phytoremediation potential of alien hydrophyte and hydro-crop as well as native landscape hydrophyte to select suitable aquatic plant applied to artificial wetland and buffering site of stream-side. The amount of irrigation water during whole growing period of aquatic plane ranged from 225 L $m^{-2}$ to 444 L $m^{-2}$. Oryza sativa, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum disdichum var. indutum which had high biomass consumed the large amount of irrigation water over 350 L $m^{-2}$. As a result of analysis of water purification effect N and P content of shoot biomass, and media soil after experiment, Oryza sativa, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum distichum var. indutum showed high purification ability about eutrophication elements such as T-N and T-P. It is presented that Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, and Paspalum distichum var. indutum had excellent purification ability about K, Ca, Na, and Cl. Moreover, Paspalum distichum var. indutum greatly removed $SO_4$ in row sewage water.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2020

The coastal sand dunes have transitional characteristics of marine and inland ecosystems, and they have abundant biodiversity. This study investigated flora and vegetation and analyzed the landscape structure at seven beaches in Busan metropolitan city. As a result, the vascular species of the coastal sand dunes in Busan were identified as 178 taxa of 140 families. Vegetation landscape was damaged to the extent that no natural vegetation was found in 4 of 7 beaches (57%). The coastal dune vegetation was dominated by the Carex pumila community and Carex kobomugi community. The halophyte and invasive alien species were classified into 18 taxa (10% of all species) and 40 taxa (22% of all), respectively. The vegetation that made up the largest area was the Phragmites communis community of the salt marsh, and the species number of halophyte increased as the wetland area increased. This means that the maintenance and management of salt marshes is important to conserve the unique plant diversity of the region.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.110-127
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• 2016

This floristic study was conducted from April to September, 2014 in 12 days. The investigated area was Mt. Segeolsan (1,261 m) which is the part of Chirisan National Park and its neighbor region, Goan-ri, Sandeuk-ri. Based on voucher specimens, flora of this area consisted of 108 families, 376 genera, 584 species, 5 subspecies, 73 varieties, and 16 forma, totally 679 taxa. 17 taxa were endemic to Korea such as Carex okamotoi Ohwi, Cimicifuga austrokoreana H.W. Lee & C.W. Park., Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H.Lév.) Nakai, Fallopia koreana B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim, Asarum patens (Yamaki) Yamaki ex Y.N. Lee, and Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. etc. Among these species, C. austrokoreana, T. rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum, F. koreana, A. patens are considered having a southern boundary line of distribution in the Chirisan National Park region. And so Carex okamotoi has main distribution center in the Chirisan National Park region, this study region is assumed important in phytogeography. The useful plants were 633 taxa, ethonobotanic plants were 359 taxa in this area. Invasive alien species were 61 taxa, which were naturalized rate (9.0%) and urbanized index (17.4%).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 생육이 확인된 미기록 외래식물을 보고하고 그 특성을 기술하고자 한다. 가는잎가시상추(Lactuca saligna)는 국화과 다년생 초본이며 높이 10~65cm에 까지 자란다. 줄기에 난 잎은 피침형, 좁은피침형이며, 기부는 이저(耳底), 줄기를 반쯤 감싼다. 유라시아원산으로 지중해, 유럽온대까지 넓은 생육범위를 보인다. 한국에서는 부산, 울산 해안가 주변 공터에서 생육이 확인되었다. 부산, 울산 해안가 저지대를 중심으로 신속한 분포확산이 예상된다. 근연종인 가시상추의 국내 분포확산, 위해성 등을 고려할 때 가는잎가시상추에 대한 주의가 요구된다. 좀전동싸리(Melilotus indicus)는 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 60cm까지 성장한다. 잎은 우상 3소엽, 소엽은 도란형~좁은도란형, 길이는 1~2.5cm이며 거치가 있다. 좀전동싸리는 국내생육하는 전동싸리와 매우 유사한 형태적 특성을 보인다. 좀전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 2~3mm 개화기는 4~5월이며, 전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 4~7mm 개화기는 7~11월로 차이를 보인다. 지중해, 유럽 남서부 원산으로 전세계적으로 온대 전역에 유입된 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 제주시 한림읍 옹포리 일대 해안가 저지대 공터 및 초지에서 생육이 확인되었다. 넓은 면적에서 분포하며 제주도에 정착된 것으로 판단된다. 나도뿔이삭풀은(Hainardia cylindrica) 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 5~35cm까지 성장한다. 수상화서는 25cm에 이르며, 쇠뿔모양으로 단단하다. 소수는 화서 중축에 파인곳을 메우고 있으며, 길이 5~8mm 1개의 소화를 포함한다. 초형은 혁질이며 예두이다. 남아메리카원산으로 북아메리카, 호주 일본 등에 귀화되어 있다. 한국에서는 전라남도 완도군 신지면 신리 해안가 일대 공터 및 초지에 생육이 확인되었다. 나도뿔이삭풀속 Hainardia 은 국내 처음 보고되는 속이며, 뿔이삭풀과 유사한 형태적 특성으로 인해 국명을 신칭하였다.