• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to present the ecologically important data for conservation and management of river ecosystem. Namcheon Stream, the study site, is a local river flowing from the east to the west of Gyeongju. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 518 taxa including 98 families, 321 genera, 467 species, 9 subspecies, 32 varieties, 4 forms, 4 hybrids and 2 cultivars. The rare plants were 4 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hydrocharis dubia and Sparganium stoloniferum. The Korean endemic plants were Populus × tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Lespedeza maritima, Weigela subsessilis and Hemerocallis hakuunensis. The floristic target species were 27 taxa including 2 taxa of grade IV, 4 taxa of grade III, 7 taxa of grade II and 14 taxa of grade I. The invasive alien plants were 92 taxa including Pterocarya stenoptera, Conyza canadensis, Vulpia myuros and so on. The ecosystem disturbing species were 6 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Lactuca seriola and Symphyotrichum pilosum.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.341-368
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• 2023

Distribution of plant resources in Mt. Baekseok located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, were surveyed for a total 17 times from April 2021 to September 2022. The result of this survey revealed 628 taxa, consisting of 99 families, 346 genera, 552 species, 20 subspecies, 49 varieties, 6 forms, and one hybrid. Among them, 21 taxa were endemic plants to Korea, 12 taxa were red list plants by the Ministry of Environment and 560 taxa were red list plants by the Korea Forest Service. The floristic target species amounted to 164 taxa, specifically one taxon of grade V, 20 taxa of grade IV, 52 taxa of grade III, 53 taxa of grade II, and 38 taxa of grade I. In addition, 34 taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. 42 taxa of alien plants and 3 taxa of ecosystem disturbance species were also found in this area. Useful plants listed consists of 246 taxa (39.2%) of edible plants, 215 taxa (34.2%) of pasture plants, 187 taxa (29.8%) of medicinal plants, 75 taxa (11.9%) of ornamental plants and 22 taxa (3.5%) of timber plants, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2018

Background: Revegetating landfills can be a challenging task as the reclaimed soils are typically dry and have low nutrient content. Therefore, selecting suitable plant species is important for initial revegetation. The issue with current practices (in Korea) is that alien plant species have been typically selected for revegetation projects. In this context, this study selects and tests a set of native plant species for landfill revegetation, accompanied by the assessment of the landfill soils. Results: The soil of the landfill (landfill location) was in a very poor condition with high bulk density and low organic matter and nutrient contents. Among 10 tested species, only Brassica campestris showed high coverage and a sufficient number of individuals in study quadrats sown with seeds. Results suggest that plant species with heavy seeds are the only ones that can adapt to the environment of a typical landfill due to the site's aridity and low nutrient content. The reason is due to such species' superior wind resistance and the capacity to provide sufficient energy for the initial growth of the plants for survival in such landfill environment. Conclusions: This study recommends selecting plant species (1) with arid-adapted features and (2) whose seed weight is sufficiently heavy for survival at landfills or areas with a similar condition for future revegetation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.521-547
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• 2018

To provide fundamental information to areas that lack data on the plant resources and the ecosystem, this study conducted a survey on the vascular plants in Mt. Jigisan in Hongseonggun. The vascular plants identified during the six-round field surveys were a total of 443 taxa: 96 families, 286 genera, 391 species, 7 subspecies, 40 varieties, 3 forms, and 2 hybrids. On floristic regional of Korea, Mt. Jigisan is deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forest which is south province of Korean peninsula. 4 taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa, Forsytsythia koreana, Forsytsythia ovate, and Iris rossii var. latifolia were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be 6 taxa: Vulnerable (VU) species of Forsytsythia ovata, Least Conern (LC) species of Chionanthus retusus, Pseudoraphis ukishiba, and Cymbidium goeringii, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Panax ginseng, and Fimbristylis verrucifera. The floristic regional indicator plants were found 27 taxa: 2 taxa of grade V, 3 taxa of grade IV, 6 taxa of grade III, 4 taxa of grade II, and 12 taxa of grade I. The specific distribution plants were found 27 taxa: 4 taxa of northern part of plants, 12 taxa of southern part of plants, 10 taxa of isolation distribution of plants, and 1 taxon of recently reported Viola betonicifolia var. albescens. The invasive alien plants were identified as 67 taxa. The naturalized index (NI) was 15.12%, and urbanization index (UI) was 20.9%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-36
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of the management plan of Seoullo 7017 after analyzing the characteristics of immigration plants in addition to those introduced plants. The taxa number of plants appeared as 276 taxa including 82 families, 161 genera, 246 species, 1 subspecies, 22 varieties and 7 forms. Among them, immigration plants appeared 79 classification groups, including 32 families, 65 genera, 77 species and 2 varieties. Invasive alien plants appeared as 22 classification groups in 79 classification groups of immigration plants. The ratio of America origin plants, second period(1932~1960) in introduction time and the wide diffusion species is high. In June, the growth and occurrence time of the immigration plants was the highest by monthly the characteristics of the growth of the immigration plants, the immigration plants appeared mostly. In case of dormancy form among life-form, the therophytes(th), in the propagation form-radicoid form, the R₅(monophyte), in the propagation form-disseminule form, the gravity D₄(having no special modification for dissemination), and in the growth form, the erect form(e) was high. The various immigration plants appeared in green areas covered by Zoysia japonica and low Hedera helix densities. This study is the first flora study since Seoullo 7017 was opened in 2017. And so continuous flora monitoring is required for Seoullo 7017.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was conducted to determine whether invasive muskrats settle in the natural ecosystem of Korea. The study also aimed to provide information on the selection of target areas, basic behavioral characteristics, and habitat use-related data, all of which are essential for effective management strategy establishment and site management. To this end, a trend in international muskrat management was identified to examine the management direction according to the settlement stage. We also secured the location of 72 domestic farmers and classified five regions in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Sejong Special Self-governing City into regions with high potential for natural leakage to raise the need for a quick survey. We determined that muskrats successfully settled in the natural ecosystem of Korea, based on the fact that we consistently identified a muskrat habitat at the same point for three years, from 2016 to 2018, the age of the captured population was estimated to be 1.2 years, and there had been no additional make-up factors near the habitat since 2012. The muskrats that settled in Korea showed a small home range of 0.0027 ㎢ (MCP 95%) and were estimated to show regular mobility before Spring and Autumn. Also, the areas where the muskrat habitat was observed had a high level of habitat environment disturbance and their ecological and food intake characteristics reflected that disturbance. Muskrat traces were high in hydrophyte vegetation, which can be used as a hideout in open waters and where the growth of both floating leaved plants and floating plants are prevalent. Since international invasive muskrats have already settled in the domestic ecosystem and there is concern about their proliferation in the future, the government must consider a preemptive response and scientific management.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2015

Predicting the changes in the potential distribution of invasive alien plants under climate change is an important and challenging task for the conservation of biodiversity and management of the ecosystems in streams and reservoirs. This study explored the effects of climate change on the potential future distribution of Paspalum distichum var. indutum in the Korean Peninsula. P. distichum var. indutum is an invasive grass species that has a profound economic and environmental impact in the waterfronts of freshwater ecosystems. The Maxent model was used to estimate the potential distribution of P. distichum var. indutum under current and future climates. A total of nineteen climatic variables of Worldclim 1.4 were used as current climatic data and future climatic data predicted by HadGEM2-AO with both RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2050. The predicted current distribution of P. distichum var. indutum was almost matched with actual positioning data. Major environmental variables contributing to the potential distribution were precipitation of the warmest quarter, annual mean temperature and mean temperature of the coldest quarter. Our prediction results for 2050 showed an overall reduction in climatic suitability for P. distichum var. indutum in the current distribution area and its expansion to further inland and in a northerly direction. The predictive model used in this study appeared to be powerful for understanding the potential distribution, exploring the effects of climate change on the habitat changes and providing the effective management of the risk of biological invasion by alien plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.277-302
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• 2022

This study aims to establish the floristic data and identify the useful plant resources of Mt. Ilimsan and its adjacent areas. The survey was conducted 27 times from March 31, 2020 to August 22, 2021. It identified 500 taxa consisting of 101 families, 304 genera, 444 species, 11 subspecies, 42 varieties, and 3 formas. A total of 853 plant specimens were collected. There were 16 taxa designated as endemic plants and 7 taxa designated as the rare plants by the Korea Forest Service, and 5 taxa designated as the red list plants by the Ministry of Environment. Moreover, the floristic target species by the Ministry of the Environment found in this mountain were 69 taxa, including 49 taxa for floristic degree I, 7 for floristic degree II, 11 for floristic degree III, and 2 for floristic degree IV. Biological resources subject to export approval by the Ministry of Environment were 159 taxa. The alien plants were 49 taxa, of which 5.6 percent were naturalized, and the urbanization index was 7.9 percent. Ecosystem-disturbing invasive alien plants designated by the Ministry of Environment were 6 taxa.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.229-248
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Jaamsan on the Gyeongsang supergroup, Korea. From the results of eight field surveys from March to October 2017, we have identified 530 total taxa, representing 483 species, eight subspecies, 35 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids, which were placed in 325 genera and 110 families. The plant formation of Mt. Jaamsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forests, which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered with young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus spp., and Pinus. Out of these 530 taxa, 12 are endemic to Korea, 17 taxa are listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 65 are floristic target species, and 55 are invasive alien species. The percentage of naturalized index(NI) and urbanization index (UI) were 10.4% and 17.2%, respectively. Mt. Jaamsan has a high plant diversity, including endemic and rare species, which consist of geomorphological landscapes. We considered that the composition and distribution of species are affected by the different environmental factors according to the sedimentary rocks, drying ridges, valleys, and streams. Together with the rocks and soils were the substrate type that play a major role in providing the unique habitats for sun plants in the area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-161
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Deokjeongsan Mt. (Ganghwa-gun) from March to October 2016. The vascular plants identified during the 8 round field surveys were a to total of 484 taxa: 107 families, 305 genera, 423 species, 8 subspecies, 48 varieties, 4 forms and 1 hybrid. The plant formation of Deokjeongsan Mt. is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The plant species diversity largest families were Asteraceae (62 taxa, 12.7%), Poaceae (48 taxa, 9.9%), Cyperaceae (27 taxa, 5.6%), Fabaceae (23 taxa, 4.7%), and Lamiaceae (21 taxa, 4.3%). The four taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, Carex brevispicula G. H. Nam & G. Y. Chung, and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be five taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species Pseudoraphis ukishiba Nakai, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Thladiantha dubia Bunge, Cirsium lineare (Thunb.) Sch. Bip., and Scorzonera austriaca ssp. glabra Lipsch. & Krasch. ex Lipsch., respectively. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 26 taxa comprising one taxa of degree V, two taxa of degree IV, four taxa of degree III, eight taxa of degree II, and 11 taxa of degree I. In addition, the alien plants were identified as 46 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.5%, and urbanization index (UI) was 14.3%, respectively.