• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.968-978
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• 2003

The effects of monensin, Tween 80 and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and animal performance were studied in vitro and in vivo. In Expt 1, the effects of the surfactant Tween 80 (0.2% wt/wt, DM basis) on ruminal fermentation of alfalfa, corn and orchardgrass silages were investigated using in vitro gas production techniques. Tween 80 did not affect (p>0.05) cumulative gas production at 24 h, but it reduced (p<0.05) the lag in fermentation of all three silages. With corn silage and orchardgrass silage, gas production rates and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (p<0.05) by Tween 80; with alfalfa silage, they were reduced (p<0.05). Tween 80 increased (p<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total VFA, and reduced (p<0.05) acetate to propionate ratios (A:P) with all three silages. In Expt 2, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (E; at 0, 37.5 or 75 g/tonne DM), monensin (M; at 0 or 25 ppm and Tween 80 (T; at 0 or 2 L/tonne DM) were added alone or in combination to backgrounding and finishing diets fed to 320 crossbred steers in a feeding trial with a $3{\times}2{\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The backgrounding and finishing diets contained barley grain and barley silage in ratios of 57.8:42.2 and 93.5:6.5 (DM basis), respectively. Added alone, none of the additives affected DM intake (p>0.1) in the backgrounding or in the finishing period, but interactive $M{\times}T$ effects were observed in the finishing period (p=0.02) and overall (p=0.04). In the finishing period, T without M tended to reduce DM intake (p=0.11), but T with M increased (p=0.05) DM intake. Monensin increased average daily gain (ADG) during backgrounding (p=0.07) and finishing (p=0.01), and this ionophore also improved overall feed efficiency (p=0.02). Warm carcass weight was increased (p<0.001) by M, but dressing percentage was reduced (p=0.07). In the backgrounding period, T increased ADG by 7% (p=0.06). Enzymes increased (p=0.07) ADG by 5 and 6% (low and high application rates, respectively) during backgrounding, but did not affect (p>0.10) ADG during finishing, or overall feed efficiency. Whereas T enhanced the positive effects of M on ADG during backgrounding (p=0.04) and overall (p=0.05), it had no impact (p>0.1) on the effects of E. Interactions between M and T suggest that the surfactant may have potential for enhancing the positive effects of monensin on beef production, but this requires further research.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1649-1657
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• 2006

In order to find an alternative source of inoculum to caecal content for studying the fermentation activity of rabbit hindgut, caecal content and faeces of 25 hybrid Hyla rabbits were used as inocula for an in vitro gas production trial. About 1 g of three substrates (dehydrated alfalfa meal, dehydrated beet pulp, barley) was weighed, in quadruplicate per inoculum, in 120 ml bottles; 75 ml of anaerobic medium and 4 ml of reducing solution were added and bottles were placed at $39^{\circ}C$. Caecal content and faeces were diluted respectively 1:2 (CI) and 1:8 (FI) with anaerobic medium and were introduced in the respective bottles (10 ml). Gas production was recorded 20 times at 2-24 h intervals throughout fermentation (96 h). The fermentation characteristics (i.e. degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; fermentation rate, Rmax; time at which it is reached, Tmax; pH, volatile fatty acid, VFA) were studied by inoculum and feedstuffs. The feedstuffs, according to their chemical composition, showed very different fermentation characteristics. In particular, OMd, A and Rmax allowed feedstuff classification as follows: barley>beet pulp>alfalfa. The inocula differ (p<0.05) in Tmax, were higher for CI (15.53 vs. 11.96 h) and in VFA production. In particular, CI produced higher levels of acetate (38.9 vs. 33.4 mM/g OM incubated, p<0.01) and isobutyrate (0.72 vs. 0.42, p<0.01) but less propionate (7.1 vs. 10.3, p<0.01) and butyrate (11.3 vs. 14.0, p<0.01). However, the trend of gas production, similar for the inocula according to the fermented substrate, and the good regression equation to estimate some caecal fermentation parameters from faeces suggest that, after standardisation, the faeces could be used as an alternative inoculum for gas tests in rabbit.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 1993

Experiments with non-nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv, Europe) plants grown in hydroponic cuiture, were carried out to estimate the remobiJization of nitrogen (N) reserves and to investigate the transported forms of reduced soluble-N in xylem during regrowth following shoot removal. Endogenous N remobilization were estimated by $^{15}N$ labelling and amino acids in xylem sap were analysed. The, $^{15}N$ contents of ~egr9wing leaves and stems increased as a result of remobilization of N reserves mainly from root ,system, Regrowing leaves were a stronger sink than regrowing stems, with about tWo-thirds of remobilized 15N being recoved in leaves. Endogenous N in lateral roots accounted for about 46% of the total N reserves used for regrowth, while tap roots accounted for 23%, About 72% of total endogenous N remobilized to regrowing shoot, occurred during the first 10 days of regrowth, The outflow of reduced soluble-N (mainly amino acids) was greater than that of protein-N, while the latter was the largest storage pool in tap root and lateral roots. It is suggested that amino acids-N was the most readily avaiable form of N reserves. Asparagine, which repre5ented about 75% of amino acids-N in xylem sap, was the main transported form of reduced N. Its relative contents, during the first 10 days of regrowth, decreased from 75% to 59%. This decline was accompanied by compensatory increase in the relative contents of asparatate and glutamine.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tall type mixtures(TM) and tall + short type mixtures(TSM) on nutritive utilization. DM intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen and energy of herbages from pastures by Korean native goats were determined. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 2000. The experimental herbage included two treatments: Tall type mixtures(orchardgrass, Potomac 40+tall fescue, Fawn 20+Festulolium braunii, Paulita 10+perennial ryegrass. Reveille 10+timothy, Climax 10+red clover, Kenblue 5+alfalfa, Vernal 5%), Tall+short type mixtures {orchardgrass, Potomac 40+tall fescue, Fawn 20+Kentucky bluegrass, New port(turf type) 10+redtop, Barricuda(turf type) 10+perennial ryegrass, Palmer III(turf type) 10+red fescue, Flyer II(turf type) 5+white clover, Regal 5%}. The voluntary dry matter(DM) intake of Korean native goats fed with herbages from tall+short type mixtures(TSM) was slightly higher than that of tall type mixtures(TM), but no difference was observed between TSM and TM(p > 0.05). The digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber, cellular contents and acid detergent fiber of herbage from TSM was slightly higher than that of TM, but no difference was detected between TSM and TM(p > 0.05). The utilization of nitrogen and energy by Korean native goats did not showed any difference in herbages from TSM and TM(p > 0.05). In conclusion, the herbage utilization by Korean native goats did not showed any significant difference. Thus, there is a possibility that turf grasses in mixtures can be used as a forage sources.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.437-442
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• 2004

Forage legumes are being used as an important source of protein for dairy farm as well as nitrogen fertilizer. This experiment was conducted to evaluate forage production and quality of five legumes at Cheonan Yonam College Experimental Livestock Farm for 1 year(2001-2002). Five legumes were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) 'Tibbee', hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) 'Common', red clover(Trifolium pratense L.) 'Kenland', persian clover(Trifolium resupinatum L.) 'Leeton', alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) 'Vernal'. All legumes were shown cold hardiness of 8 rating or higher except crimson clover(7 rating). Flowering stage was observed 23th of April for crimson clover, 13th of May for hairy vetch, 3rd of May for red clover, and 12th of May for alfalfa. But persian clover didn't at harvest. Dry rnatter(DM) of crimson clover(17.6%) was the highest among legumes. In DM and total digestible nutrients(TDN) yields, crimson clover and hairy vetch were higher than those of other legumes. The crude protein of hairy vetch(20.5%) was the highest among legumes. In neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF), persian clover was the lowest(35.0% and 25.0%). Calculations of relative feed value(RFV) based on NDF and ADF of legumes were over 125(Prime degree) except hairy vetch. RFV and TDN of persian clover were the highest among legumes. According to the results of this study, crimson clover and hairy vetch are excellent in forage yield. Persian clover is superior in forage quality among legumes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to investigate the competitive ability and the interaction of each species in ten mono-and binary-associations of four forage species; orchardgrass, tall fescus, ladino clover, and alfalfa. Each species was grown in intra- and interspecific stands in large pots for one year. And samplings of shoot and root were taken in Spring, Summer, and fall clipping stages. Intra- and interspecific competition was compared and evaluated by expected yield, aggressivity, relative yield total(RYT), compensation index(CI), general combining ability(GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA) with shoot and root dry matter production of each species in monoculture and binary mixture. The forage yield was high in two grass species and the mixture of them, but low in two legume species and the mixture of them. The mixture of tall fescue-ladino clover was evaluated as a productive association with a high PYT(1.05) and a high SCA(0.79), and tall fescue was a more aggressive species in it. Each of grass-grass and legume-legume mixture was less aggressive between two species and lower SCAs than grass-legume mixtures. Especially, orchardgrass was the most agressive species and alfalfa was the least, but tall fescue had the highest GCA and ladino clover had the lowest in shoot competition. Also in root, tall fescue- ladino clover mixture was a good match with a high RYT(l.12) and a high SCA (0.60), and orchardgrass was highest in aggressivity. However, orchardgrass had the highest GCA in root while tall fescue had the highest in shoot.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1166-1173
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• 2010

Sixteen Mediterranean pluriparous buffaloes were subdivided into two uniform groups of eight animals. The average weight of the two groups at the start of the trial was 671.2 and 656.7 kg. The number of days from calving were 33.4 and 33.3, and the average milk production was 12.73 and 12.33 kg/d. The trial lasted for 114 days, and was divided into two sub-periods of 58 and 56 days. The two diets, administered ad libitum, had the same forage/concentrate ratio (53/47) but in their formulation the percentage of the two forages varied. Diet 1: alfalfa hay = 10%, maize silage = 43%, concentrate 1 = 47% (6.63 MJ/kg DM of net energy; 179.5 g/kg DM of crude protein). Diet 2: alfalfa hay = 20%, maize silage = 33%, concentrate 2 = 47%, (5.99 MJ/kg DM of net energy; 155.4 g/kg DM of crude protein). For the overall trial period (33-146 days in milk), the intake of dry matter was 17.23 kg/d for Group 1 and 17.29 kg/d for Group 2 and corresponded to 2.50 and 2.58% (p<0.01) of live weight. There was no significant difference between the average weight (689.7 and 669.4 kg) and the body condition score (6.49 and 6.42) of the two groups of buffaloes. Group 1 produced a greater quantity of milk (11.89 vs. 10.90 kg/d, p<0.10) of better quality both for its higher fat content (82.32 vs. 77.29 g/kg, p<0.10) and its protein content (47.36 and 46.38 g/kg). The milk produced by the buffaloes receiving Diet 1 had a better clotting ability, lower values of r (15.98 and 16.42 min) and K20 (1.66 and 1.75 min) and a higher value of A30 (54.45 and 52.73 mm). Taking into consideration the two sub-periods, milk production was significantly different only in the first sub-period (33-90 DIM), in favour of Group 1 (13.08 vs. 11.56 kg/d, p<0.05), while the positive effect of Diet 1 was cancelled out (10.71 and 10.24 kg/d) in the second part of the trial (91-146 DIM).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1414-1420
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not feeding induced hypovolemia (decreases in plasma volume) and decreases in plasma bicarbonate concentration caused by loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood, act to suppress feed intake and saliva secretion volumes during the initial stages of feeding in goats fed on dry forage. The animals were fed twice a day at 10:30 and at 16:00 for 2 h each time. Prior to the morning feeding, the collected saliva (3-5 kg) was infused into the rumen. During the morning 2 h feeding period (10:30 to 12:30), the animals were fed 2-3 kg of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes. At 16:00, the animals were fed again with 0.8 kg of alfalfa hay cubes, 200 g of commercial ground concentrate and 20 g of sodium bicarbonate. In order to compensate for water or $NaHCO_3$ lost through saliva during initial stages of feeding, a 3 h intravenous infusion (17-19 ml/min) of artificial mixed saliva (ASI) or mannitol solution (MI) was begun 1 h prior to the morning feeding and continued until the conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The physiological state of the goats in the present experiment remained unchanged after parotid gland fistulation. Circulating plasma volume decreases caused by feeding (estimated by increases in plasma total protein concentration) were significantly suppressed by the ASI and MI treatments. During the first 1 h of the 2 h feeding period, plasma osmolality in the ASI treatment was the same as the NI (non-infusion control) treatment, while plasma osmolality in the MI treatment was significantly higher. In comparison to the NI treatment, cumulative feed intake levels for the duration of the 2 h feeding period in the ASI and MI treatments increased markedly by 56.6 and 88.3%, respectively. On the other hand, unilateral cumulative parotid saliva secretion volume following the termination of the 2 h feeding period in the ASI treatment was 50.7% higher than that in the NI treatment. MI treatment showed the same level as the NI treatment. The results of the present experiment proved that the humoral factors involved in the suppression of feeding and saliva secretion during the initial stages of feeding in goats fed on dry forage, are feeding induced hypovolemia and decrease in plasma $HCO_3^-$ concentration caused by loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.230-236
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• 2018

Objective: Two ex vivo experiments were conducted to verify the effect of barley grain (Nusrat cultivar) treated with alkaline compounds (AC) including alum, ammonium, and sodium hydroxide or cation-exchanged organic extracts (OE) prepared from alfalfa hay, sugar beet pulp and Ulva Fasciata, on extent and digestion of starch. Methods: In the first study, the in vitro first order disappearance kinetic parameters of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch were estimated using a non-linear model ($D_{(t)}=D_{(i)}{\cdot}e^{(-k_d{\cdot}time)}+I$, where: $D_{(t)}$ = potentially digestible residues at any time, $D_{(i)}$ = potentially digestible fraction at any time, $k_d$ = fractional rate constant of digestion (/h), I = indigestible fraction at any time). In the second experiment, the ruminal and post-ruminal disappearance of DM, CP, and starch were determined using in situ mobile nylon bag. Results: Barley grains treated with alum and alfalfa extract had a higher constant rate of starch digestion (0.11 and 0.09/h) than others. Barley grain treated with OE had a higher constant rate of CP digestion and that of treated with AC had a higher constant rate of starch digestion (0.08 and 0.11/h) compared with those of the other treatments. The indigestible fraction of starch treated with alum and sugar beet pulp extract was higher than that of the control group (0.24 and 0.25 vs 0.21). Barley grain treated with AC and OE had significant CP disappearance in the rumen, post-rumen and total tract, and also starch disappearance for post-rumen and total tract compared with the untreated (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that AC and OE might have positive effects on the starch degradation of the barley grain. In addition, treating barley grain with alum and sugar beet pulp extract could change the site and extend digestion of protein and starch.