• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.370-378
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a specific mixture of essential oils (MEO), containing thyme, clove and cinnamon EO, on rumen microbial fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood metabolites in fistulated sheep. Methods: Six sheep fitted with ruminal fistulas were used in a repeated measurement design with two 24-d periods to investigate the effect of adding MEO at 0 (control), 0.8, and 1.6 mL/d on apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial population and blood chemical metabolites. Animals were fed with a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet. Results: Ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, acetate: propionate ratio and methane production were not affected with MEO. Relative to the control, Small peptides plus amino acid nitrogen and large peptides nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid were not affected with MEO supplementation; while, rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen concentration at 0 and 6 h after morning feeding in sheep fed with 1.6 mL/d of MEO was lower (p<0.05) compared to the control and 0.8 mL/d of MEO. At 0 h after morning feeding, ammonia nitrogen concentration was higher (p<0.05) in sheep fed 0.8 mL/d of MEO relative to 1.6 mL/d and control diet. Ruminal protozoa and hyper ammonia producing (HAP) bacteria counts were not affected by addition of MEO in the diet. Relative to the control, no changes were observed in the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentration. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude proten, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not influenced by MEO supplementation. Conclusion:The results of the present study suggested that supplementation of MEO may have limited effects on apparent nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and protozoa and HAP bacteria count, blood cells and metabolites.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.589-605
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify allelopathic effect of Ganghwa domestic Artemisia spp., named Sajabalssuk and Ssajuarissuk, for various receptor plants including clover (Trifolium repens L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), lawn grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), dandelion (Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst.), and dahurianpatrinia (Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trevir). Receptor plants were treated with the aqueous and essential oil extract of Artemisia plants. In consequence, their allelopathic effects were evaluated by measuring seed germination rates, seedling growth, and dry weights of the receptor plants. The seed germination and seedling growth of the receptor plants were inhibited by all treatments of both aqueous and essential oil extracts of the Artemisia plants, and, in addition, the inhibitory effects were increased according to the higher concentration. Among the donor plants, A. $sp.^*III$ showed most effective allelopathic effect. Comparing the alleopathic effect among the receptor plants, seed germination was most inhibited in lawn grass while inhibitory effect of seedling growth was comparatively higher in dandelion. Although inhibitory effects were comparatively lower, the allelopathic effects of Artemisia plants were identified in clover and alfalfa since the seedling growth of these plants were inhibited more than 70%. Thus, in result, Ganghwa domestic Artemisia spp. could be possibly used for weed control since natural products of the plants showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of various receptor plants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.109-117
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• 2016

Purpose : This study was designed to provide basic data of effective sanitization method of sprout vegetable for microbiological safety. Methods : Sanitization treatments were performed by dipping the sprout into chlorine and vinegar water. Microbial analysis were composed of the total plate count(TPC) and coliform group count(CGC). Result : Among chlorine water sanitization, the microbial reduction was largest in 100ppm chlorine water, and its TPC and coliform group count decreased to 6.01 log CFU/g and 5.06 log CFU/g. The effective dipping time in 100ppm chlorine water treatment was 5.97 log CFU/g and 5.91 log CFU/g for 30min and 60min, in which TPC were below the microbiological safety limits of 6.00 log CFU/g. Coliform group counts were decreased to 5.44, 5.46, 5.42 log CFU/g in the dipping the spouts for 30min, 60min and 90min. As a result of sanitizing alfalfa spout by vinegar water, a microbial counts tended to decrease with increasing concentration and the dipping time. The effective concentration of vinegar water was 2% for TPC(6.00 log CFU/g) and 1% for coliform group count(5.20 log CFU/g). With 1% vinegar water treatment, TPC became below the microbiological safety limits in all samples and in particular, the sample treated for 60min and 90min(4.93, 4.54 log CFU/g). While coliform group counts were decreased to 3.91 log CFU/g in the dipping the sprouts for 90min, those were still beyond the permitted limit. Conclusion : To secure the food safety of food service facilities including kindergarten feeding, it is considered that along with the systematic study of effective disinfection method for microbiological control at the preconditioning level of spout vegetable within the range of secured maleficence to human body, and the study regarding the measures to lower the initial microbiological pollution of spout vegetable.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.542-550
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• 1996

An experiment with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants was designed to investigate the changes in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents and the activities of amylolytic enzymes during a regrowth period following defoliation. Sampling from hydroponic grown-plants were carried out at intervals during 24 days of regrowth. Shoot regrowth was very slow during the first 10 days and root growth was depressed after defoliation. Defoliation induced a great decrease in both total sugar and starch contents in taproots during the first 10∼14 days. A major recovery of NSC occurred from day 15. Averaged over sampling dates, the activity of exo-amylase was about 400-fold higher than that of endo-amylase. Exo-amylase activity in defoliate plants slightly increased until day 6 (maximum level) and then decreased. Endo-amylase rapidly increased for the first 4 days after defoliation and slightly increased afterwards to a maximum on day 24. These results showed that increase in amylolytic enzyme activity in taproots coincided with the time of starch utilization during regrowth and that indicated it plays an important role in starch degradation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of P fertilization and cutting fkquency without N fertilizer on nutritive value and nitrogen fixation activity of alfalfa. A field experiment was conducted on the experimental farm of Kongju National University at Yesan from 1994 to 1996. The experimental design was a split plot design with two P levels as main plot and two cutting frequencies as the sub-plot. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Available phosphate, exchangeable Ca and Na in the soil were slightly increased with P fertilizer and basal treatment of lime. Average DM yield was 1.5 ton and 1.4 ton in second and third year. There was no significant difference within P level and cutting kquency. The first cut showed higest CP value as cutting times increased the value tend to be lowered. Crude protein content in 3 and 4 cutting regimes were from 16.3 to 16.6% 17.4 to 17.9% respectively, but no significant effect were found among the main and sub-plot. ADF and NDF in 1995 were ranged from 38.2 to 39.9, 45.1 to 58.1% respectively. ADF was 2% more higher in 1996 compared to previous year and NDF was slightly higher in 1996. There was significant difference of ADF between main plot in 1995. .P, Ca, K and Mg of 200kg P level with 3 times cutting treatment in 1995 and 1996 were 0.32 and 0.23, 0.95 and 0.84, 3.24 and 2.87, and 0.36 and 0.26. Significant difference of K and Mg between cutting frequency was observed in 1995. Nitrogen fixing activity of 400kg P fertilizer plots were higher than 200kg P level and 3 times cutting plot also showed higher acetylene reduction activity than that of 4 cutting per year. Phosphate level and cutting frequency treatment of did not significantly affect nitrogen fixation activity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.124-128
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to determine factors affecting callus induction of Vernal alfalfa. Growth regulators, basal medium, medium pH, explant age, and agar concentration for callus induction were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: For the callus induction, 2-5 mg/l 2,4-D alone was found to be most effective on callus induction. Cytokinins did not have positive effect on the callus induction, and even the more cytokinin added induced the less callus. Callus yield was much higher in B5 or SH medium than in any other media. The calli induced in PC and MS media were more friable than those induced in other media. The medium pH of 5.8 gave the best response of callus induction. At higher than pH 7.0, callus induction was inhibited severely. The effective seedling age for callus induction was around 9 days. In agar concentration, 0.5 % (W/V) was suitable for callus induction and it was severely depressed at above 1 %. Callus induction was not influenced by day length or illumination. Calli cultured under 1618 hour lightldark cycle became more compact and green than those cultured under the dark.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.3555-3571
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• 1974

This experiment of which aim contribute to plan irrigation system so as to increase forage crop yields, was conducted to estimate evapotranspiration amount of forage crops and to find out system of consumed water in a pasture-ground. The results obtained by this study are as follows: 1. The general weather conditions which, were closely related to the evapotrannpiration of forage crops were nearly same as those of the average year with the exception that temperature of May and June were slightly low. 2. According to the investigation of potential evapotranspirations (P.E) or forage crops and its changes during growing periods, changes of tenday P.E. were high significant according to the harvesting period. P.E of Alfalfa of which yield was the largest was the biggest. Althrough the correlations between P.E. and meteorological factors were irregular oming to three-time harvesting, correlation between ten-day evapotraspiration amount and copper plated pan evaporation or solar radiation was high positive significant. 4. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by weather factors, and also relatione between P.E. and weather factors were showed as figure. from the these formulas, P.E. may be calculated by weather factors. 5. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by mean temperature and copper plated pan evaporation, and by mean temperature and solar radiation. As computed values and measured values showed in figure, these formulas were high signiflent. 6. In the total consumed soil water duration of 10 days which, was non-rain period from 12th to 21th of August, Alfalfa was the largest 48.1mm, second, Orchard grass 40.1mm and Fescue 37.6mm, and Ladino clover was the smallest 37.1mm, also, order of each forage crop yield amound. was same to the abov. Order of soil moisture extraction rate of soil layer of all the for forage crops dulation of ten-day was soil layer 1 which was largest, soil layer 2, 3, and 4 Reviewing the the first five-day and the second five day, in the first five-day, order of that of all the forage crops was same to the above, but in the second five-day, that of soil layer 2 or 3 was more than the of soil layer 1.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptability of legume in different legume-grass mixtures according to altitude(600, 800, lOOOm a.s.1.) in the alpine area. The experimental plot was allocated as a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were sowing season(spring and fall) and subplots legume-grass mixture(alfa1fa-grass, red clover-grass and white clover-grass mixture). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At 600m, in case of sowing alfalfa, red clover and white clover in fall. each legume of legume-grass mixtures was consistuted about 30% without between-year variation and then all legumes at fall sowing could grow. 2. At 800m, in case of sowing white clover in spring this species was consistuted about 14.7 % at the last cutting without severe between-year variation. 3. At 1000m, only white clover sown in spring like at 800m was somewhat maintained without severe between-year variation. 4. Percentage and DM yield of legume considerably decreased with the rise of altitude and alfalfa couldn't grow more than 800m.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TMR on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of goat with different forage sources. The experiment was arranged 4×2 factorial design. The different forage sources were rice straw (RS), Italian rye grass (IR), timothy (TI) and alfalfa (AL), respectively. There were two different forage : concentrate ratios such as 20:80 (20) and 50:50 (50), respectively. Therefore, totally 8 treatments were used: 1) RS20, 2) RS50, 3) IR20, 4) IR50, 5) TI20, 6) TI50, 7) AL20, and 8) AL50, respectively. The rumen fluid of goat was collected from the slaughterhouse. For fermentation parameters, ruminal pH, total gas, methane, hydrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid were determined. The pH values were within an optimal range across all treatments. Total gas productions at TI20 and AL50 were significantly greater than others (p<0.05). Methane production was significantly lower in TI and AL compared with other treatments (p<0.05). The relatively high dietary NDF content in treatments showed significantly lower methane production (p<0.05). Significant alterations treatments were detected at ammonia nitrogen concentration according to the ratio of forage : concentrate (p<0.05). AL treatment showed greater total volatile fatty acid production compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the present study suggests that both Timothy and Alfalfa could be recommendable forage sources for goat based on results with volatile fatty acid as an energy source and methane as an index for energy loss and environmental issues. Also, the 50:50 (forage : concentrate) ratio would prefer to 20:80.