• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.109-117
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• 2016

Purpose : This study was designed to provide basic data of effective sanitization method of sprout vegetable for microbiological safety. Methods : Sanitization treatments were performed by dipping the sprout into chlorine and vinegar water. Microbial analysis were composed of the total plate count(TPC) and coliform group count(CGC). Result : Among chlorine water sanitization, the microbial reduction was largest in 100ppm chlorine water, and its TPC and coliform group count decreased to 6.01 log CFU/g and 5.06 log CFU/g. The effective dipping time in 100ppm chlorine water treatment was 5.97 log CFU/g and 5.91 log CFU/g for 30min and 60min, in which TPC were below the microbiological safety limits of 6.00 log CFU/g. Coliform group counts were decreased to 5.44, 5.46, 5.42 log CFU/g in the dipping the spouts for 30min, 60min and 90min. As a result of sanitizing alfalfa spout by vinegar water, a microbial counts tended to decrease with increasing concentration and the dipping time. The effective concentration of vinegar water was 2% for TPC(6.00 log CFU/g) and 1% for coliform group count(5.20 log CFU/g). With 1% vinegar water treatment, TPC became below the microbiological safety limits in all samples and in particular, the sample treated for 60min and 90min(4.93, 4.54 log CFU/g). While coliform group counts were decreased to 3.91 log CFU/g in the dipping the sprouts for 90min, those were still beyond the permitted limit. Conclusion : To secure the food safety of food service facilities including kindergarten feeding, it is considered that along with the systematic study of effective disinfection method for microbiological control at the preconditioning level of spout vegetable within the range of secured maleficence to human body, and the study regarding the measures to lower the initial microbiological pollution of spout vegetable.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.542-550
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• 1996

An experiment with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants was designed to investigate the changes in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents and the activities of amylolytic enzymes during a regrowth period following defoliation. Sampling from hydroponic grown-plants were carried out at intervals during 24 days of regrowth. Shoot regrowth was very slow during the first 10 days and root growth was depressed after defoliation. Defoliation induced a great decrease in both total sugar and starch contents in taproots during the first 10∼14 days. A major recovery of NSC occurred from day 15. Averaged over sampling dates, the activity of exo-amylase was about 400-fold higher than that of endo-amylase. Exo-amylase activity in defoliate plants slightly increased until day 6 (maximum level) and then decreased. Endo-amylase rapidly increased for the first 4 days after defoliation and slightly increased afterwards to a maximum on day 24. These results showed that increase in amylolytic enzyme activity in taproots coincided with the time of starch utilization during regrowth and that indicated it plays an important role in starch degradation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of P fertilization and cutting fkquency without N fertilizer on nutritive value and nitrogen fixation activity of alfalfa. A field experiment was conducted on the experimental farm of Kongju National University at Yesan from 1994 to 1996. The experimental design was a split plot design with two P levels as main plot and two cutting frequencies as the sub-plot. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Available phosphate, exchangeable Ca and Na in the soil were slightly increased with P fertilizer and basal treatment of lime. Average DM yield was 1.5 ton and 1.4 ton in second and third year. There was no significant difference within P level and cutting kquency. The first cut showed higest CP value as cutting times increased the value tend to be lowered. Crude protein content in 3 and 4 cutting regimes were from 16.3 to 16.6% 17.4 to 17.9% respectively, but no significant effect were found among the main and sub-plot. ADF and NDF in 1995 were ranged from 38.2 to 39.9, 45.1 to 58.1% respectively. ADF was 2% more higher in 1996 compared to previous year and NDF was slightly higher in 1996. There was significant difference of ADF between main plot in 1995. .P, Ca, K and Mg of 200kg P level with 3 times cutting treatment in 1995 and 1996 were 0.32 and 0.23, 0.95 and 0.84, 3.24 and 2.87, and 0.36 and 0.26. Significant difference of K and Mg between cutting frequency was observed in 1995. Nitrogen fixing activity of 400kg P fertilizer plots were higher than 200kg P level and 3 times cutting plot also showed higher acetylene reduction activity than that of 4 cutting per year. Phosphate level and cutting frequency treatment of did not significantly affect nitrogen fixation activity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.124-128
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to determine factors affecting callus induction of Vernal alfalfa. Growth regulators, basal medium, medium pH, explant age, and agar concentration for callus induction were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: For the callus induction, 2-5 mg/l 2,4-D alone was found to be most effective on callus induction. Cytokinins did not have positive effect on the callus induction, and even the more cytokinin added induced the less callus. Callus yield was much higher in B5 or SH medium than in any other media. The calli induced in PC and MS media were more friable than those induced in other media. The medium pH of 5.8 gave the best response of callus induction. At higher than pH 7.0, callus induction was inhibited severely. The effective seedling age for callus induction was around 9 days. In agar concentration, 0.5 % (W/V) was suitable for callus induction and it was severely depressed at above 1 %. Callus induction was not influenced by day length or illumination. Calli cultured under 1618 hour lightldark cycle became more compact and green than those cultured under the dark.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.3555-3571
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• 1974

This experiment of which aim contribute to plan irrigation system so as to increase forage crop yields, was conducted to estimate evapotranspiration amount of forage crops and to find out system of consumed water in a pasture-ground. The results obtained by this study are as follows: 1. The general weather conditions which, were closely related to the evapotrannpiration of forage crops were nearly same as those of the average year with the exception that temperature of May and June were slightly low. 2. According to the investigation of potential evapotranspirations (P.E) or forage crops and its changes during growing periods, changes of tenday P.E. were high significant according to the harvesting period. P.E of Alfalfa of which yield was the largest was the biggest. Althrough the correlations between P.E. and meteorological factors were irregular oming to three-time harvesting, correlation between ten-day evapotraspiration amount and copper plated pan evaporation or solar radiation was high positive significant. 4. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by weather factors, and also relatione between P.E. and weather factors were showed as figure. from the these formulas, P.E. may be calculated by weather factors. 5. Predicting formulas of P.E. were led by mean temperature and copper plated pan evaporation, and by mean temperature and solar radiation. As computed values and measured values showed in figure, these formulas were high signiflent. 6. In the total consumed soil water duration of 10 days which, was non-rain period from 12th to 21th of August, Alfalfa was the largest 48.1mm, second, Orchard grass 40.1mm and Fescue 37.6mm, and Ladino clover was the smallest 37.1mm, also, order of each forage crop yield amound. was same to the abov. Order of soil moisture extraction rate of soil layer of all the for forage crops dulation of ten-day was soil layer 1 which was largest, soil layer 2, 3, and 4 Reviewing the the first five-day and the second five day, in the first five-day, order of that of all the forage crops was same to the above, but in the second five-day, that of soil layer 2 or 3 was more than the of soil layer 1.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptability of legume in different legume-grass mixtures according to altitude(600, 800, lOOOm a.s.1.) in the alpine area. The experimental plot was allocated as a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were sowing season(spring and fall) and subplots legume-grass mixture(alfa1fa-grass, red clover-grass and white clover-grass mixture). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At 600m, in case of sowing alfalfa, red clover and white clover in fall. each legume of legume-grass mixtures was consistuted about 30% without between-year variation and then all legumes at fall sowing could grow. 2. At 800m, in case of sowing white clover in spring this species was consistuted about 14.7 % at the last cutting without severe between-year variation. 3. At 1000m, only white clover sown in spring like at 800m was somewhat maintained without severe between-year variation. 4. Percentage and DM yield of legume considerably decreased with the rise of altitude and alfalfa couldn't grow more than 800m.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TMR on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of goat with different forage sources. The experiment was arranged 4×2 factorial design. The different forage sources were rice straw (RS), Italian rye grass (IR), timothy (TI) and alfalfa (AL), respectively. There were two different forage : concentrate ratios such as 20:80 (20) and 50:50 (50), respectively. Therefore, totally 8 treatments were used: 1) RS20, 2) RS50, 3) IR20, 4) IR50, 5) TI20, 6) TI50, 7) AL20, and 8) AL50, respectively. The rumen fluid of goat was collected from the slaughterhouse. For fermentation parameters, ruminal pH, total gas, methane, hydrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid were determined. The pH values were within an optimal range across all treatments. Total gas productions at TI20 and AL50 were significantly greater than others (p<0.05). Methane production was significantly lower in TI and AL compared with other treatments (p<0.05). The relatively high dietary NDF content in treatments showed significantly lower methane production (p<0.05). Significant alterations treatments were detected at ammonia nitrogen concentration according to the ratio of forage : concentrate (p<0.05). AL treatment showed greater total volatile fatty acid production compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the present study suggests that both Timothy and Alfalfa could be recommendable forage sources for goat based on results with volatile fatty acid as an energy source and methane as an index for energy loss and environmental issues. Also, the 50:50 (forage : concentrate) ratio would prefer to 20:80.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.619-631
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• 2021

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), an economically important pathogen, is present worldwide with a very wide host range. This work reports for the first time the infection of Vinca minor and Wisteria sinensis with AMV using RNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmation. De novo assembly and annotating of contigs revealed that RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 genomic fragments consist of 3,690, 2,636, and 2,057 nucleotides (nt) for IR-VM and 3,690, 2,594, and 2,057 nt for IR-WS. RNA1 and RNA3 segments of IR-VM and IR-WS closely resembled those of the Chinese isolate HZ, with 99.23-99.26% and 98.04-98.09% nt identity, respectively. Their RNA2 resembled that of Canadian isolate CaM and American isolate OH-2-2017, with 97.96-98.07% nt identity. The P2 gene revealed more nucleotide diversity compared with other genes. Genes in the AMV genome were under dominant negative selection during evolution, and the P1 and coat protein (CP) proteins were subject to the strongest and weakest purifying selection, respectively. In the population genetic analysis based on the CP gene sequences, all 107 AMV isolates fell into two main clades (A, B) and isolates of clade A were further divided into three groups with significant subpopulation differentiation. The results indicated moderate genetic variation within and no clear geographic or genetic structure between the studied populations, implying moderate gene flow can play an important role in differentiation and distribution of genetic diversity among populations. Several factors have shaped the genetic structure and diversity of AMV: selection, recombination/reassortment, gene flow, and random processes such as founder effects.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.801-810
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• 2022

This study investigates the evolution processes of alternate bars in the channel with bank stability by vegetation by laboratory experiment. Laboratory experiments are conducted to elucidate the behavior of alternate bars by the influence of riparian vegetation on the rivers with erodible banks. To control bank stability of the channel, the actual vegetation, alfalfa, is grown by adjusting the density of alfalfa on the flood plain. As the vegetation density increases in the flood plain, the bank erosion rates and the channel widening rates decrease and the bank stability increases. The alternate bars migrate slow downstream over time. Moreover, the bars in a channel with strong banks migrate rapidly, which is related with the aspect ratio, that is, width to depth ratio. The bar wavelength decrease with vegetation density. Our laboratory experiments show that the behavior of bars differ according to bank strength.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-140
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• 1982

Three levels of inoculum concentration from 10 to 30 percent, three kinds of adhesive materials, gum arabic, methyl cellulose and carboxy methyl cellulose, and five different pelleting materials including 4 different sources of lime and calcium carbonate were compared to investigate an optimum condition for seed inoculation by counting the number of viable rhizobium cells. For a peat-cultured Rhizobium inoculant, 10 per cent was found to be an optimum by showing 3.5 $\times$ 10$^9$ viable cells per seed. The highest number of viable cells were observed from gum arabic at 40 per cent, methyl cellulose at 5 per cent and carboxy methyl cellulose at 4 per cent. Among pelleting materials, a dental lime for investment originated from Ransom & Randolph Co. Ohio, U.S.A. resulted best as pelleting material.