• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

울산 소재 초등학교 3곳의 교실과 복도에서, 배양가능한 공기중 세균과 진균의 농도를 조사하고, 이들 미생물을 분리한 후 동정하였다. 세균과 진균의 포집에는 충돌식 공기 채취기를 사용하였으며, 세균수와 진균수의 측정에는 각각 plate count agar와 dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar를 사용하였다. 학기 중 세균 농도는 교실에서 $168{\sim}3,887MPN/m^3$ 복도에서 $168{\sim}6,339MPN/m^3$의 범위였으며, 진균 농도는 교실에서 $34{\sim}389MPN/m^3$, 복도에서 $91{\sim}507MPN/m^3$의 범위로, 상황과 학교에 따른 측정값의 편차는 세균에서 진균보다 더 크게 나타났다. 분리한 세균의 84%는 그람양성으로 관찰되었는데, 전체 시험한 세균의 61%는 Micrococcus 속으로, 이중 75%는 M. luteus로 확인되었으며, Staphylococcus속은 전체의 10%수준이었다. Micrococcus 속의 주요 발생원은 사람으로 생각되며, 함유한 색소나 높은 세포벽 함량 등의 생리적 특징이 이들 세균의 공기중 생존력을 높이는 것으로 추측된다. 포집한 시료로부터 15속의 사상성 진균을 확인할 수 있었으며, Cladosporium 속, Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속 등이 분리한 진균의 69%를 차지하였다. 1개 학교의 교실에서는 Stachybotrys속이 검출되었는데, 이 속의 S. chartarum은 많은 진균독소를 생산하는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 독소생산과 관련이 깊은 Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속, Stachybotrys 속에 대한 종 수준에서의 동정, 분리한 진균의 독소생산능력, 공기중 진균독소 검출 및 진균 농도와의 상관관계 분석 등에 대한 보다 체계적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2014

Objectives: We measured the concentrations of culturable airborne fungi (CAF) in enclosed environments at 16 underground subway stations of the Seoul Metro in 2013, and investigated the effect of environmental factors, including temperature, relative humidity, the number of passengers, and distance from the platform. Methods: The cultured fungi were identified by the lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) staining method and were classified by observing the form, shape, and color of colony. A nonparametric analysis was used to determine if the differences in the concentrations of CAF were statistically significant. Results: The concentrations of CAF at the stations were the highest in station p ($367CFU/m^3$) with arange between 3 and $437CFU/m^3$. There was a significant correlation between CAF concentration and the distance from platform (r = 0.544, p < 0.01). Geotrichum spp. and Penicillium spp. were the predominant species. Conclusion: It is recommended that special attention be given during rush hour, which is in the morning (08:00-10:00) and in the early evening (18:00-19:00) to improve the indoor air quality of the subway stations.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.406-417
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• 2011

Objectives: Exposure to bioaerosols in the indoor environment could be associated with a variety adverse health effects, including allergic disease such atopy. The objectives of this study were to assess children's exposure to bioaerosol in home indoor environments and to evaluate the association between atopy and bioaerosol, environmental, and social factors in Ulsan, Korea. Methods: Samples of viable airborne bacteria and fungi were collected by impaction onto agar plates using a Quick Take TM 30 and were counted as colony forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU/$m^3$). Bioaerosols were identified using standard microbial techniques by differential stains and/or microscopy. The environmental factors and possible causes of atopy based on ISAAC (International Study of Allergy and Asthma in Childhood) were collected by questionnaire. Results: The bioaerosol concentrations in indoor environments showed log-normal distribution (p < 0.01). Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of airborne bacteria and fungi in homes were 189.0 (2.5), 346.1(2.0) CFU/$m^3$, respectively. Indoor fungal levels were significantly higher than those of bacteria (p < 0.001). The concentration of airborne bacteria exceeded the limit recommended by the Korean Ministry of Environment, 800 CFU/$m^3$, in three out of 92 samples (3.3%) from 52 homes. The means of indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O) for airborne bacteria and fungi were 8.15 and 1.13, respectively. The source of airborne bacteria was not outdoors but indoors. GM of airborne bacteria and fungi were 217.6, 291.8 CFU/$m^3$ in the case's home and 162.0, 415.2 CFU/$m^3$ in the control's home respectively. The difference in fungal distributions between case and control were significant (p = 0.004) and the odds ratio was 0.996 (p = 0.027). Atopy was significantly associated with type of house (odds ratio = 1.723, p = 0.047) and income (odds ratio = 1.891, p = 0.041). Some of the potential allergic fungal genera isolated in homes were Cladosporium spp., Botrytis spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Alternatia spp. Conclusions: These results suggest that there this should be either 'was little' meaning 'basically no significant association was found' or 'was a small negative' mean that an association was found but it was minor. It's a very improtant distinction. Association between airborne fungal concentrations and atopy and certain socioeconomic factors may affect the prevalence of childhood atopy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.623-628
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, particles, and endotoxin in swine and chicken houses. Six swine buildings and seven chicken houses were randomly selected in southern Gyonggi Province, South Korea. The geometric mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in swine and chicken houses were $2.7{\times}10^5\;CFU/m^3$ and $5.6{\times}10^7\;CFU/m^3$, respectively. The airborne bacteria concentrations in chicken houses were significantly higher than those of swine houses (p<0.05). The geometric mean concentration of airborne fungi in swine houses was $4.9{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$, which was higher than the value of $2.1{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ found in chicken houses. The mean concentrations of airborne particles and endotoxin in swine houses were $3.48\;mg/m^3$ and $943.1\;EU/m^3$, and they were $15.43\;mg/m^3$ and $1,430.5\;EU/m^3$ in chicken houses, respectively. A significant difference between swine and chicken houses was found for total dust (p<0.05), but not for endotoxin. In this study, the concentrations of endotoxin in both swine and chicken houses as well as particles in chicken houses were high, and in about 50% of the samples exceeded the worker health safety levels of $614\;EU/m^3$ suggested in previous studies. These results may indicate a considerable respiratory hazard for workers in these environments.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.517-525
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• 2020

Background: The study was planned to show the status of indoor microorganisms and the status of the reduction device in the military dog clinic. Methods: Airborne microbes were analyzed according to the number of daily patient canines. For identification of bacteria, sampled bacteria was identified using VITEK^®2 and molecular method. The status of indoor microorganisms according to the operation of the ventilation system was analyzed. Results: Airborne bacteria and fungi concentrations were 1000.6 ± 800.7 CFU/m³ and 324.7 ± 245.8 CFU/m³. In the analysis using automated identification system, based on fluorescence biochemical test, VITEK^®2, mainly human pathogenic bacteria were identified. The three most frequently isolated genera were Kocuria (26.6%), Staphylococcus (24.48%), and Granulicatella (12.7%). The results analyzed by molecular method were detected in the order of Kocuria (22.6%), followed by Macrococcus (18.1%), Glutamicibacter (11.1%), and so on. When the ventilation system was operated appropriately, the airborne bacteria and fungi level were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Airborne bacteria in the clinic tend to increase with the number of canines. Human pathogenic bacteria were mainly detected in VITEK^®2, and relatively various bacteria were detected in molecular analysis. A decrease in the level of bacteria and fungi was observed with proper operation of the ventilation system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제23권E1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

In Korea, there is only a limited amount of information currently available on the levels of airborne bacteria and fungi of cattle sheds, although certain portions of people are potentially exposed to these bioaerosols in cattle sheds. Accordingly, the current study measured them inside cattle sheds, inside and outside farmers' houses near the sheds, and/or inside residential houses far away from the sheds during winter, 2004 and summer, 2005. The airborne bacteria and fungi were detected in most samples in the cattle farmers' houses as well as in the cattle sheds. Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium, which have been associated with adverse health effects, were three most prevalent fungal genera, and they took most of the total fungi (more than 69%). The microbial concentrations measured inside the cattle sheds were comparable to those in other reports. Nevertheless, the present arithmetic and geometric mean (GM) microbial concentrations exceeded the Korean guideline for total airborne bacteria at medical facilities ($800\;CFU\;m^{-3}$), the current GM residential indoor concentrations at houses, and the residential indoor levels reported in other countries. The present findings suggest the need for a strategy to reduce Korean cattle farmers' exposure to these microorganisms. In contrast to the microbes, it is suggested that the cattle shed is not an important microenvironment for $PM_{10}$ exposure. Two characteristics examined in this study (seasonal variation and summer survey period, i.e., temperature and humidity) were all important for the cattle farmers' occupational exposure to airborne microbes. The lack of constancy between highest and lowest concentrations of bioaerosols over the survey period further suggests the necessity of performing a long-term survey to better examine farmer exposure levels and their variability.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

This survey was performed to measure concentrations of airborne microbes, utilizing the six-stage cascade air sampler, according to the sampling site and time in the general hospital and to evaluate the degree of correlations between airborne microbes and environmental factors. Besides the main lobby, airborne microbes and environmental factors were not significantly different between the forenoon(9:00-10:00 AM) and afternoon(2:00-3:00 PM). Concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were 404 and $156CFU/m^3$ in the main lobby, 188 and $56CFU/m^3$ in the intensive care unit, 323 and $96CFU/m^3$ in the ward, 239 and $127CFU/m^3$ in the laboratory, and 139 and $33CFU/m^3$ in the newborn baby room, respectively. As a result, the level of airborne microbes was significantly highest in the main lobby and lowest in the newborn baby room(p<0.05). Outdoor airborne microbes concentrations were significantly lower than those of the sampling sites in the general hospital except for the newborn baby room(p>0.05). It was observed that temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide in the general hospital had generally positive correlation with airborne microbes. However, there was no correlation between the odor index level and airborne microbes.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권5호
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• pp.148-166
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• 1984

The Investigation of organisms damaged to papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Property in the Ch'ang Dok Palace The investigation of the airborne fungi, the attached fungi to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in addition to the insects inhabiting at the Ku Sonwon Jon, Shin Sonwon Jon and Yonwa ch'anggo in the Ch'ang Dok Palace carried out from Jul. 10 to Jul. 21,1984.The results are summarized as follows ;1. Isolation and identification of the airborne fungi from the three storages were Cladosporium sp., Alternaria alternata, As pergillus cervinus, A. flavus, A. nidulance, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, Penicillium adametzii, P.albicans, P.canescens, P. citreo-viride, P. citrinums, P. decumbens, P. frequentans, P. funiculosum, P.herquei, P.implicatum, P.multicolor, P.nigricans, P.nonatum,P.purpurogenum, P.roqueforti, P.viridicatum, Trichodema viride, Geotrichumcandidum, Curvvlaria lunata, Torula hebarum, T.thermophila, Itersoniliasalmonicolor, Drechsclera avenue, Candida sp., Acremonium sp., and Botrytis sp., It was found that thirty five species in thirteen genera was isolated. Among them, the dominant species was Cladosporium sp., and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and so on.2. The attached fungi directly isolated from the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties were twenty-nine species in fourteen genera, namely, Acremonium sp., Albertiniella sp., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus,A.niger, A.ornatus, A.versicolor, Botrytis sp., Bysochlamys sp., Carpenteles sp.,Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Eurotium sp., Mucor sp., Penicilliumcanescens, P.chermesium, P.citrinum, P.frequentans, P.funiculosum, P.herqueiP .implicatum, P.javanicum, P.luteum, P.purpurogenum, P.thomii, P.viridicatum, Torula thermophila, Trichoderma koningi and T.viride. Among them, the mostfungi distributed on the surface of the papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the order was Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Trichodermaand so on.3. The insects collected the three storages were ten genera and ten species including 916 specimens. By classifying the insects collected, the most species of the insects was Stenoscelodes hayashii of 857 specimens occupied about 93% of the total insect. And the other insects were collected as Microgamme costipennisAnobium pertinax, Xenomimetes alni, Anthrenus verbasci, Holoparmecus signatus,Thermobia domestica, Halyomorpha brevis, Drosophila coracine and Brattaorientalis. As described above, it could be known that the most airborne fungi was Cladosporium and the order was Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in the three storages. And the most attached fungi distributed on the surface of papers and cellulose materials was Penicillium and the other fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Trichoderma and so on. Accordingly, from the results, itwas assumed that the major part of airborne fungi were attached to the papers and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties. The paper and cellulose materials of Cultural Properties in Ch'ang Dok Palace were chiefly damaged by S.hayashii in Coleoptera.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

서울에 위치한 20개 종합병원의 중환자실, 일반병동 입원실, 환자대기실과 병원 실외 4곳 공기중의 일반 세균수와 곰팡이수를 측정하였으며, 기회 감염균을 검출하였다. 97-410 cfu/㎥의 일반세균수와 37-77 cfu/㎥의 진균이 검출되었으며 중환자실이 가장 낮은 미생물의 오염도를 보였으며 환자대기실이 가장 높은 오염도를 나타내었다. 18종의 진균이 분리되었으며 Aspergillus spp.가 가장 높은 빈도로 검출되었으며, 그 다음으로 Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium 속 등이 검출되었다. Staphylococcus spp. 중에서는 S. haemolyticus와 S. epidermis가 가장 높은 빈도로 검출되었으며 검출된 Staphylococcus spp. 중 47%가 중환자실에서 검출되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2011

To evaluate the indoor air quality of food manufacturing plants, the presence of viable bacteria and fungi was assessed in the indoor air of the facilities at which 9 food items were manufactured. Air samples were collected from the general zone, low clean zone and clean zone of each factory with an air sampler, in combination with plate counts agar using for bacteria, and dichloran-glycerol agar for fungi. The samples were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 to 7 days. After culture, the colony forming units (CFU) on each plate were counted and corrected with a positive hole conversion table. The average concentration of bacteria was $2.2{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the general zone, $1.2{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the low clean zone and $7.3{\times}10^2\;CFU/m^3$ in the clean zone. The average concentration of fungal microbes was $2.5{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the general zone, $2.6{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the low clean zone, and $2.0{\times}10^2\;CFU/m^3$ in the clean zone. No meaningful differences were detected between the general zone and the low clean zone, but the clean zone had significantly lower concentrations than the other zones. Additionally, the identification of the fungi was performed according to morphological method using a giant culture and slide culture. The fungi were identified as belonging to 18 genera, and the genera Cladosporium(33%), Penicillium(29%) and Aspergillus(26%), predominated. Aspergillus isolates were identified to species level, and A. ochraceus, a mycotoxigenic species, was identified. As part of the effort to control the quality of the indoor air of food manufacturing plants, our results show that continued studies are clearly warranted.