• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1995

This study was carried out, through analyzing the annual reports(year of 1973-1993) on health status of Su Dong-Myun, and specific survey data of 332 households(Su Dong-Myun 209, Byul Nae-Myun 123), located in Nam Yang Ju-Si, Kyung Gi-Do, from July 20 to July 31, 1995, to find out more effective means for primary medical care in a rural area. The results were as fellows : 1. Number of population in Su Dong-Myun was 5,419 in 1973, 4,591(the lowest) in 1987 and 5,707 in 1995. In the composition rate of population, "0-14" of age group showed markedly decreasing tendency from 43.1% in 1975, to 19.1% in 1995, however "65 and over" markedly in creasing tendency form 5.3% in 1975 to 9.8% in 1995. 2. Annual utilization rate per 1,000 inhabitants in Su Dong-Myun showed markedly increasing tendency from 1973 to 1977 such as 343 in 1973, 540 in 1975, 900 in 1977. However, since 1979, the rate showed rapidly decreasing tendency, such as 846 in 1979, 519 in 1985, 190 in 1991 and 1993. 3. The morbid household rate per year was 53.6% of respondents and the rate per 15 days was 48.2%. In disease classification rate of morbid household per year, Arthralgia & Neuralgia was the highest rate(33.9%) and gastro-intestinal disorder(19.3%), Cough(11,9%), Hypertension(7.8%), Accident(3.2%) in next order. 4. In the utilizing facilities for Primary Medical Care, Medical facilities was showed the highest rate(58.1% of respondents) and Pharmacy and Drug Shp(33.1%), Tradition Method(4.0%) in next order. In the Medical facilities, General private clinic was showed the highest rate(34.3%) and specific private Clinic(22.3%), Hospital(19.0%), Health (Sub)center(16.3%), Nurse practitioner (3.3%), Oriental hospital and clinic(2.7%) in next order. 5. Experience rate, utilizing health subcenter was 51.8% of the respondents, and it was 55.0% in Su Dong-Myun and 46.3% in Byul Nae-Myun. In utilization times of health subcenter, times-rate showed next orders such as 1-2 times/6months(31.6%), 1-2 times/year (22.1%), 1-2 times/months(19.2%), 1-2 times/3months(15.6%). 6. In objectives, visiting Health Subcenter, Medical Care was the highest rate(59.8% of the respondents) and health control(23.3%) was in next order. In Medical Care, Primary Care by general physician was higher rate(51.1%) almost all. In the Health control, Immunization too was high rate(18.0%) in health control activities. 7. The reasons rate, utilizing health subcenter showed next order, such as distance to Medical facilities(33.0% of the respondents), Medical Cost(28.1%), Simple process of consultation (10.8%), Effectiveness of cure(7.6%), Function of primary medical care(7.0%) and Attitude of physician(6.5%). 8. In the affecting factors to utilization of primary medical facilities, medical needs was showed the highest rate(29.5% of the respondents) and medical cost(15.4%), distance to medical facilities(14.2%), traffic vehicle(14.2%) and farm work(6.9%) in next order. 9. In the priority between 'daily farm work,' and 'primary medical care', only 46.4% of respondents answered that primary health care is more important than the daily farm work The 22.6% of respondents answered 'daily farm work', and the 12.3% answered 'the equal of the both'. 10. In the criterion of medical facilities choice, medical knowledge and technical quality was showed the highest rate(56.3%), distance or time to medical facilities(10.9%), sincerity and kindness of physician(9.4%), medical cost(8.7%) and traffic vehicle(6.5%) in next order 11. In the advise for improvement of health subcenter function, the 36.1% of respondents answered that 'enforcement of medical personnel and equipment' was required, and then 'improved medical technology'(25.5%), 'good attitude of physician'(14.9%), 'improved medical system'(13.3%), 'enforced drug'(6.7%) in next order. 12. The study on affecting factors to utilization of primary medical facilities was very difficult subject to systematize the analyzed results, due to a prejudice of protocol planner, surveyer and respondent, and variety and overlapping of subject matter.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2002

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) in Ullung Island. Methods : The authors reviewed the records from emergency room diaries and the lists of helicopter transfers in the Ullung Public Health Medical Center over the 5-year period from Jan 1, 1997 to Dec 31, 2001. Results : One hundred thirteen cases were transferred by helicopters in 88 flights. According to year, the number of flights was 13(14.8%) and the number of cases was 15(13.3%) in 1997; 17(19.3%) and 21(18.6%) in 1998; 18(20.5%) and 20(17.7%) in 1999; 17(19.3%) and 20(17.7%) in 2000; and 23(26.1%) and 37(32.7%) in 2001. According to the kind of helicopter, the number of flights was 46(52.3%) and the number of cases was 60(53.1%) by Maritime police; and 19(21.6%) and 28(25.1%) by 119 rescue. According to time zone, there were no night flights. According to sex and age, there were 75 male cases(66.4%) and 28 cases(28.3%) of patients aged sixty years and over. The number of flights was 11(12.5%) and the number of cases was 15(13.3%) in November; 10 flights(11.4%) and 14 cases(12.4%) in March; and 7 cases(8.0%) in each of September, October and April. The most common season of helicopter transfer cases was autumn. According to transfer area, there were 48 cases (42.5%) in Pohang city, Gyeonsangbukdo; 35(31.0%) in Gangnung city, Gangwondo; and 17(15.0%) in Daegu metropolitan city. According to condition, there were 27 cases(23.9%) of cerebro-vascular accident, 13(11.5%) of fracture and 11(9.7%) of head injury. According to admission department, there were 42 cases(37.2%) in Neurosurgery, 21(18.6%) in Internal Medicine and 13(11.5%) in Orthopedic Surgery. According tothe Korea Standard Classification of Disease(3-KSCD), circulatory systemic disease(IX) and injury, intoxication and others (XIX) were the two most frequent categories with 34 cases(30.1%) each, followed by digestive system disease (XI) with 23 cases(20.4%). Conclusions : HEMS in Ullung Island leave much to be desired. Helicopters cannot make a night flight and are not equipped with medical facilities. HEMS in islands such as Ullung Island are essential. We hope that night flights, equipment-monitoring systems for emergency patients in the helicopters, and a law related to HEMS in the island will all be established.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.111-126
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• 1992

Silica sorption isotherm belonged to the C-type with weak L-type characteristics according to the classification system of adsorption isotherm. Silica sorption isothem fitted well to the Freundlich and Tempkin equation but not to the Langmuir equation. The color interference probably due to $Fe^{2+}$ during spectrometric silca determination by Molybdenum-blue method affected the sorption isotherm in reduced soils or low pH. Four parameters such as the intercept of Freundlich equation, the slope of Tempkin equation, the "Silica reactivity", and the "C-type slope", where the last two parameters were termed in the current study, were examined to assess treatment effects on silica sorption. Among them the "C-type slope" was found out to be the best parameter. The C-type isotherms showed the same high correlation coefficient as Freundlich and Tempkin equation when regressed to the sorption isothem. Plotting the C-type slope on a logarithmic scale vs. the pH showed high linearity. Using the "C-type slope" as a perameter, the pH and soil type affected the silica sorption while the effect of redox condtion was not significant. All Fe and Al extracted by the various reagents, and OM were highly correlated to silica sorption. Among them $Fe_d$ was identified as the highest influencing soil property. Since there is no equivalent reliable method to discriminate the forms of the soil Al-oxides their likely importance remains unclear.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.33-54
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• 2002

Rice quality is much dependent on the pre-and post harvest management. There are many parameters which influence rice or cooked rice qualitys such as cultivars, climate, soil, harvest time, drying, milling, storage, safety, nutritive value, taste, marketing, eating, cooking conditions, and each nations' food culture. Thus, vice evaluation might not be carried out by only some parameters. Physicochemical evaluation of rice deals with amy-lose content, gelatinizing property, and its relation with taste. The amylose content of good vice in Korea is defined at 17 to 20%. Other parameters considered are as follows; ratio of protein body-1 per total protein amount in relation to taste, and oleic/linoleic acid ratio in relation to storage safety. The rice higher Mg/K ratio is considered as high quality. The optimum value is over 1.5 to 1.6. It was reported that the contents of oligosaccharide, glutamic acid or its derivatives and its proportionalities have high corelation with the taste of rice. Major aromatic compounds in rice have been known as hexanal, acetone, pentanal, butanal, octanal, and heptanal. Recently, it was found that muco-polysaccharides are solubilized during cooking. Cooked rice surface is coated by the muco-polysaccharide. The muco-polysaccharide aye contributing to the consistency and collecting free amino acids and vitamins. Thus, these parameters might be regarded as important items for quality and taste evaluation of rice. Ingredients of rice related with the taste are not confined to the total rice grain. In the internal kernel, starch is main component but nitrogen and mineral compounds are localized at the external kernel. The ingredients related with taste are contained in 91 to 86% part of the outside kernel. For safety that is considered an important evaluation item of rice quality, each residual tolerance limit for agricultural chemicals must be adopted in our country. During drying, rice quality can decline by the reasons of high drying temperature, overdrying, and rapid drying. These result in cracked grain or decolored kernel. Intrinsic enzymes react partially during the rice storage. Because of these enzymes, starch, lipid, or protein can be slowly degraded, resulting in the decline of appearance quality, occurrence of aging aroma, and increased hardness of cooked rice. Milling conditions concerned with quality are paddy quality, milling method, and milling machines. To produce high quality rice, head rice must contain over three fourths of the normal rice kernels, and broken, damaged, colored, and immature kernels must be eliminated. In addition to milling equipment, color sorter and length grader must be installed for the production of such rice. Head rice was examined using the 45 brand rices circulating in Korea, Japan, America, Australia, and China. It was found that the head rice rate of brand rice in our country was approximately 57.4% and 80-86% in foreign countries. In order to develop a rice quality evaluation system, evaluation of technics must be further developed : more detailed measure of qualities, search for taste-related components, creation and grade classification of quality evaluation factors at each management stage of treatment after harvest, evaluation of rice as food material as well as for rice cooking, and method development for simple evaluation and establishment of equation for palatability. On policy concerns, the following must be conducted : development of price discrimination in conformity to rice cultivar and grade under the basis of quality evaluation method, fixation of head rice branding, and introduction of low temperature circulation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.3 s.108
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• pp.296-309
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated the change of future land-surface and relationships of land-surface change with geo-spatial information, using a Bayesian prediction model based on a likelihood ratio function, for analysing the land-surface change of the Gongju area. We classified the land-surface satellite images, and then extracted the changing area using a way of post classification comparison. land-surface information related to the land-surface change is constructed in a GIS environment, and the map of land-surface change prediction is made using the likelihood ratio function. As the results of this study, the thematic maps which definitely influence land-surface change of rural or urban areas are elevation, water system, population density, roads, population moving, the number of establishments, land price, etc. Also, thematic maps which definitely influence the land-surface change of forests areas are elevation, slope, population density, population moving, land price, etc. As a result of land-surface change analysis, center proliferation of old and new downtown is composed near Gum-river, and the downtown area will spread around the local roads and interchange areas in the urban area. In case of agricultural areas, a small tributary of Gum-river or an area of local roads which are attached with adjacent areas showed the high probability of change. Most of the forest areas are located in southeast and from this result we can guess why the wide chestnut-tree cultivation complex is located in these areas and the capability of forest damage is very high. As a result of validation using a prediction rate curve, a capability of prediction of urban area is $80\%$, agriculture area is $55\%$, forest area is $40\%$ in higher $10\%$ of possibility which the land-surface change would occur. This integration model is unsatisfactory to Predict the forest area in the study area and thus as a future work, it is necessary to apply new thematic maps or prediction models In conclusion, we can expect that this way can be one of the most essential land-surface change studies in a few years.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1984

To obtain the basic date for the improvement of cultural and managemental problems caused by soil characteristics and soil productivity in rice cultivation of Honam area, morphological characteristics of rice soils were investigated in Mangeng-Dongjin and Yeongsan Water-sheds, and compaired differences between two major Watersheds. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. According to U.S.D.A. Soil Taxonomy Classification System, eight great groups are distributed in rice soils of two major Watersheds. More than 50% of rice paddy soils are classified as Haplaquepts. 2. Two Watersheds are quite different in soil parent materials. In Mangeong-Dongjin Watershed, most soils (55.1%) are derived from fluvic-marine deposits. Remainders are derived from local alluvium (24.7%) and alluvium (14.2%). But in Yeongsan Watershed, the order is local alluvium>alluvium>fluvio-marine deposits. 3. Rice soils occur mostly in coastal and inland flat-site with the slope of less than 2% (57.8%) in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds. However, in Yeongsan Watershed, flat-site and low undulating terrace are mostly distributed (52.9%). 4. About 81.9, 61.4 and 53.3% of rice soils are classified as fine textured in Yeongsan, Dongjin, and Mangeong Watersheds, respectively. 5. More normal paddy soils and less sandy paddy soils are distributed in Yeongsan Watershed. The results indicate that more rice soils are classified as productivity classes of I and II in Yeongsan Watershed than in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 2015

Purpose: There is a lack of data on the energy cost of children's everyday activities, adult values are often used as surrogates. In addition, the influence of body weight on the energy cost of activity when expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs) has not been vigorously explored. Methods: In this study 20 elementary school students 9~12 years of age completed 18 various physical activities while energy expenditure was measured continuously using a portable telemetry gas exchange system ($K_4b^2$, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Results: The average age was 10.4 years and the average height and weight was 145.1 cm and 43.6 kg, respectively. Oxygen consumption ($VO_2$), energy expenditure and METs at the time of resting of the subjects were 5.41 mL/kg/min, 1.44 kcal/kg/h, and 1.5 METs, respectively. METs values by 18 physical activities were as follows: Homework and reading books (1.6 METs), playing game with a mobile phone or video while sitting (1.6 METs), watching TV while sitting on a comfortable chair (1.7 METs), playing video game or mobile phone game while standing (1.9 METs), sweeping a room with a broom (2.7 METs) and playing a board game (2.8 METs) belong to light intensity physical activities. By contrary, speedy walking and running were 6.6 and 6.7 METs, respectively, which belong to high intensity physical activities over 6.0 METs. When the effect of body weight on physical activity energy expenditure was determined, $R^2$ values increased with 0.116 (playing a game at sitting), 0.176 (climbing up and down stairs), 0.246 (slow walking), and 0.455 (running), which showed that higher activity intensity increased explanation power of body weight on METs value. Conclusion: This study is important for direct evaluation of energy expenditure by physical activities of children, and it could be used directly for revising and complementing the existing activity classification table to fit for children.