• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.872-877
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• 2009

By-products of marine organisms including salmon, skate, flatfish, and yellow goosefish were investigated to search for new source of chondroitin sulfate (CS). Agarose gel electrophoresis with chondroitinase depolymerization showed that purified chondroitin sulfate did not contain any other glycosaminoglycans. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired to confirm the structure and purity. The average molecular weight ranging from 22 to 64 kDa was determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography. Disaccharide compositions and purities were determined by strong anion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) after chondroitinase ABC depolymerization. SAX-HPLC data exhibited that the purity was from $81.7{\pm}1.3$ to $114.2{\pm}2.5%$ and the yield was from 1.3 to 12.5%. All analytical results indicate that salmon cartilage, skate cartilage, and yellow goosefish bone could be promising sources of CS to substitute shark cartilage CS in commercial neutraceuticals.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1439-1446
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• 2009

The surfaces of different-sized endosperm, bran, and husk rice powders were modified using carboxymethylation. Carboxymethylation was carried out using aqueous alkalization and neutralization. After the carboxymethylation process, the centrifuged products were milled and classified by size: particles passed through sieves of 45, 106, and $300-{\mu}m$ width. The effect of carboxymethylation on physical properties such as solubility and dispersibility of endosperm, bran, and husk particles were studied. Overall, carboxymethylation increased solubility of the particles, while size reduction increased dispersibility. In particular, carboxymethylation created good aqueous suspensions by minimizing interparticle agglomeration. Our results show that the combination of size reduction and carboxymethylation improves solubility and dispersibility, resulting in better stability of the suspension. This study may be helpful for expanding the use of rice and its byproducts as ingredients in a variety of food and beverage applications.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.453-458
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• 2019

Today, concrete remains the most important, durable, and reliable material that has been used in the construction sector, making it the most commonly used material after water. However, cement continues to exert many negative effects on the environment, including the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), which pollutes the atmosphere. Cement production is costly, and it also consumes energy and natural non- renewable resources, which are critical for sustainability. These factors represent the motivation for researchers to examine the various alternatives that can reduce the effects on the environment, natural resources, and energy consumption and enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. Geopolymer is one alternative that has been investigated; this can be produced using aluminosilicate materials such as low calcium (class F) FA, Ultra-Fine GGBS, and high calcium FA (class C, which are available worldwide as industrial, agricultural byproducts.). It has a high percentage of silica and alumina, which react with alkaline solution (activators). Aluminosilicate gel, which forms as a result of this reaction, is an effective binding material for the concrete. This paper presents an up-to-date review regarding the important engineering properties of geopolymer formed by FA and slag binders; the findings demonstrate that this type of geopolymer could be an adequate alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Due to the significant positive mechanical properties of slag-FA geopolymer cements and their positive effects on the environment, it represents a material that could potentially be used in the construction industry.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

The present study investigated effect of supplementation of agricultural byproduct on growth performance and blood parameters of broiler chicken using meta-analysis. Total 11 studies (32 experiments) where broiler feeding trials with agricultural byproducts were included were employed in analysis. All studies were conducted at commercial farm placed in South Korea and under commercial feeding programs. Growth phases were divided into two groups based on slaughter day. For growth performance, body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate (feed/gain) were investigated. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, liver and spleen weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride, HDL (High density lipoprotein) and LDL (Low density lipoprotein) cholesterol contents in blood were investigated. Body weight of broiler of treatment was significantly increased than the control (P<0.05), regardless of growth phase. However, body weight gain during late growth phase did not show significant difference between control and treatment. Effect evaluated by random effect model on feed intake was not significant. Effect on feed conversion rate during early growth phase was significantly negative (P<0.05). Effects on carcass weight, dressing percentage, liver and spleen weight were not significant in random effect model. Effect on abdominal fat was significantly negative (P<0.05). In blood parameters, significant effects were found at total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol (P<0.05). Effect on HDL cholesterol only was positive effect, and others were negative.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

The buffer capacity of food waste lowers during the collecting and transportation period. Food waste usually shows deficiency of micro nutrients especially molybdenum(Mo) and cobalt(Co). Therefore, food waste can be considered as a good mixture of livestock waste to enhance methane production. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between properties of substrates (local food waste and livestock manure) and methane yields for successive anaerobic fermentation process and its stable management. Food wastes were taken at an intermediate storage or treatment system provided by eight local authorities (Gangnam, Gangdong, Gwanak, Guro, Dongjak, Songpa, Yeongdeungpo, and Younsan) in Seoul. The solid content and potential methane yield of food wastes were average of 16% and $446.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ (range from 334.8 to $567.5STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$) respectively. As for the beef cattle manure, the solid content and potential methane yield had an average of 26% and $280.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ respectively. Potential methane yield had a positive correlation with fat content, and hydrogen content and a negative correlation with carbohydrate content ($r^2&gt;0.8$). Therefore, the potential methane yield can be predicted based on the substrate characterization results with reasonable accuracy. Further research may be needed to investigate the relation of the properties of the mixture substrate and methane production rate. The mixtures may include food waste, livestock waste, and bulking agents (saw dust, rice hull, or agricultural byproducts etc.) to determine best combination of these substrates for maximum methane production rate.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Various culture media have been used for hydroponic cultures of horticultural plants under the smart greenhouses with natural and artificial light types. Management of the culture medium for the control of medium amounts and/or necessary components absorbed by plants during the cultivation period is performed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and/or IoT (Internet of Things) in a smart farm system. This study was conducted to develop the cloud-based data analysis system for effective management of culture medium applying to hydroponic culture and plant growth in smart greenhouses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional inorganic Yamazaki and organic media derived from agricultural byproducts such as a immature fruit, leaf, or stem were used for hydroponic culture media. Component changes of the solutions according to the growth stage were monitored and plant growth was observed. Red and green lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) which developed 2~3 true leaves were considered as plant materials. The seedlings were hydroponically grown in the smart greenhouse with fluorescent and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights of $150{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ light intensity for 35 days. Growth data of the seedlings were classified and stored to develop the relational database in the virtual machine which was generated from an open stack cloud system on the base of growth parameter. Relation of the plant growth and nutrient absorption pattern of 9 inorganic components inside the media during the cultivation period was investigated. The stored data associated with component changes and growth parameters were visualized on the web through the web framework and Node JS. CONCLUSION: Time-series changes of inorganic components in the culture media were observed. The increases of the unfolded leaves or fresh weight of the seedlings were mainly dependent on the macroelements such as a $NO_3-N$, and affected by the different inorganic and organic media. Though the data analysis system was developed, actual measurement data were offered by using the user smart device, and analysis and comparison of the data were visualized graphically in time series based on the cloud database. Agricultural management in data visualization and/or plant growth can be implemented by the data analysis system under whole agricultural sites regardless of various culture environmental changes.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2021

This study investigated methane productions and a degradation rate of organic matters by German standard method, VDI4630 test. In this study, 11 waste biomasses from agricultural fields were selected for the investigation. The objective of this study was to estimate a distribution of organic matters by using the Double first-order kinetics model in order to calculate the rate of biodegradable organic matters which degrade rapidly in the initial stage and the persistently biodegradable organic matters which degrade slowly later. As a result, all the biomasses applied in this study showed rapid decomposition in the initial stage. Then the decomposition rate began to slow down for a certain period and the rate became 10 times slower than the initial decomposition rate. This trend of decomposition rate changes is typical conditions of biomass decompositions. The easily degradable factors (k₁) were raged between 0.097~0.152 day^-1 from vegetable crops and persistent degradable factor (k₂) were 0.002~0.024 day^-1. Among these results, greater organic matter decomposition rates from VDI4630 had greater k₁ values (0.152, 0.144day^-1) and smaller k₁ values (0.002, 0.005day^-1) from cucumbers and paprika. In a meanwhile, radishes and tangerine rinds which had low decomposition rates showed 0.097 and 0.094 day^-1 of k₁ values and decomposition rates seems to affect k₁ values.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

Changes in the characteristics of dissolved organic matter was studied at selected stations in the Nakdong river basin using physical and chemical methods. Characteristics of dissolved organic matters were analysed and assessed. Production of disinfection byproducts were also investigated. 1. Result of relatedness study among each items of analyses showed that relatedness on BOD values were highest with cattle excrement treatment facilities where there is no synthetic organic materials and relatedness on $COD_{Mn}$ were highest at the mainstream Nakdong river. In case of $COD_{Cr}$ (which has more oxidative power than $COD_{Mn}$), the values were higher in the sidestreams indicating the higher content of recalcitrant compounds. The relatedness values for the $UV_{254}$ also showed higher values in the sidestreams and treatment facilities than mainstream indicating the presence of organic aromatic compounds. 2. Ratio of DOC on total organic carbon were higher in the mainstream which is attributable to the influent particulate organic materials produced by agricultural activities. The values were 10-15% higher in the mainstream compared with sidestreams. 3. Result of biodegradability test indicate that concentrations of recalcitrant DOC were higher in the sidestreams than in the mainstream. The values of recalcitrant DOC were higher with the forest stream indicating the effect of soil oriented humic substances. 4. Result of THM production test carried out at 10 stations in the Nakdong river show that $CHCl_3$ was detected with the highest value and the value was highest at Waekwan station.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.914-919
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• 2008

This present was carried out to evaluate the adaptability of stabilization method which was used industrial byproducts as the stabilization agency in the abandoned mine site. In order to investigate stabilization effect on As-contaminated soils treated by industrial by-products, batch tests and column tests were carried out with As-contaminated soils collected from farmland around the abandoned mine site. ZVI(zero valent iron) and SRS(steel refining slag) was shown a good treatment effect. After the column test, sequential extraction test and simple bioavailability extraction test(SBET) were carried out to analysis of the soil, and scanning electron micrograph(SEM) analysis was carried out to compare the morphology and structure of ZVI and SRS before and after reacting with arsenic in the soil. As a result, ZVI and SRS were shown 93%, 62% reduction of As concentration respectively by comparison with untreated soils. Therefore, if ZVI and SRS are used as treatment materials in As-contaminated soils, it is expected that the As leaching from soils is reduced effectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.972-977
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• 1995

The induction of phase II enzymes including quinone reductase [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase(quinone): NAD(P)H : (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2] is a major mechanism of whereby a large group of heterogeneous compounds prevent the toxic, mutagenic, and neoplastic effects of carcinogen. Using murine hepatoma cells(Hepalclc7 cells), quinone reductase(QR) inducers as the possible chemopreventive agents were screened from rice bran, wheat bran, soymilk residue, defatted soybean cake, defatted sesame and perilla residues. The 80% methanol extracts of defatted sesame and perilla residues induced quinone reductase significantly while the others did have little effect on the enzyme induction. Thin layer chromatography of the extracts showed that the fastest moving band(Rf=0.70) in the developing solvent of n-butanol : n-propanol : 2N ammonia(10 : 60 : 30) was responsible for the enzyme induction by the 80% methanol extracts of defatted sesame and perilla residues. Further identification of active component(s) is in progress.