• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Background : In oriental medicine, the status of the tongue is an important indicator to diagnose the condition of one's health, such as physiological and the clinicopathological changes of internal organs. A tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, and therefore widely used in Oriental medicine. However, the tongue diagnosis is greatly affected by examination circumstances, patient's posture, and doctor's diagnosis criteria. Objectives : This study was designed to assure the necessity for standardization of tongue diagnosis based on diagnostic criteria of tongue coating thickness (TCT). Methods : Thirty tongue photographs were acquired and analyzed by digital tongue diagnosis system (DTDS) which measured the percentage of TCT on the tongue surface. Fifteen oriental medical doctors evaluated TCT in 30 photographs. Afterward, the 15 assessors were trained for diagnostic criteria of TCT and evaluated the photographs again. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to obtain the agreement rate among the 15 assessors and the agreement rate between assessors' TCT scores and DTDS values. Results : The agreement rate among the 15 assessors after training was higher than before training. The agreement rate between assessors' TCT scores and DTDS values after training was also higher than before training. Furthermore, the difference of the agreement rate between before and after training was significant (p<0.05). Conclusions : The standardization of diagnostic criteria of TCT increased the agreement rate among the assessors and the agreement rate between assessors' TCT scores and DTDS values. Therefore, the standardization of diagnostic criteria is expected to contribute to the objectification and quantification of the tongue diagnosis system.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1987

The Radionuclide test (RN test) using radioactively labelled human albumin microspheres was developed recently to evaluate the patency and functional capacity of the fallopian tubes. 57 infertile women underwent this procedure as a part of their infertility work up. The results of the radionuclide evaluation were compared with those of the hysterosalpingography (HSG) and further the surgical findings of the laparoscopy and laparotomy. In 64.9%(37/57) of the cases, there was complete agreement between radionuclide test (RN test), hysterosalpingography(HSG) and surgical findings. In comparison with surgical findings, RN test showed a complete agreement rate of 89.4%(51/57), a partial agreement rate of 5.3%(3/57) and no agreement rate of 5.3%(3/57), respectively. Likewise, HSG revealed a complete agreement rate of 80.7%(46/57), a partial agreement rate of 10.5%(6/57) and no agreement 8.8%(5/57), respectively. It would appear that as opposed to the traditional HSG, RN test may give a better understanding of the functional capacity of the tube and may prove a useful method before and after tubal surgery.

• 대한융합한의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the clinical validity of the system by conducting a clinical study to assess the diagnostic agreement between the system and Korean medical doctors. Methods: This study was conducted from September 7, 2023, to December 7, 2023, across five Korean medicine institutions, involving 100 adult participants aged 20-64 who consented to participate. Participants first entered their symptoms into a web-based program, which utilized an AI-based algorithm to diagnose 36 types of pattern differentiation. Subsequently, Korean medical doctors conducted face-to-face diagnoses using the same 36 types. The diagnostic agreement between the system and the doctors' diagnoses was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, and the results were expressed as a percentage agreement. Results: Analysis of the diagnostic data from 100 participants revealed that the web-based diagnosis support system identified an average of 7.76±0.79 patterns per patient, while Korean medical doctors identified an average of 7.99±0.10 patterns per patient. The diagnostic agreement between the system and the doctors showed an average of 7.08±1.08 patterns per patient, with an overall diagnostic agreement rate of 88.57±13.31%. Conclusion: This study developed a web-based diagnosis support system for traditional Korean medicine and evaluated its clinical validity by assessing diagnostic agreement. Comparing the diagnoses of the system with those of Korean medical doctors for 100 patients, the system showed an approximately 89% agreement rate with the clinical diagnoses. The system holds potential for aiding Korean medical doctors in pattern differentiation diagnosis in clinical practice.

• 대한한의정보학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2005

Objective We wish that oriental medicine theses can now be searched for by computer. So we have studied thesaurus and keywords in OMIS(Oriental Medicine Information System) Methodologies We have compared the keyword with the Thesaurus in the OMIS. So We have analyzed those into the agreement rate and the disagreement rate. Repeatedly, we have analyzed the agreement rate and the disagreement rate in chronological order. Conclusions 1. As the most of authors don't know about thesaurus, So many keywords disagree with thesaurus. 2. Because thesaurus system is very difficult to general authors. So system administors must build synonym data base, if many authors easily use thesaurus system. 3. We have to require institute editor to modify editorial policy. Presently most of institute require only one foreign language keywords, but it must be required foreign and Korean language keywords. 4. We must study not only oriental medicine thesaurus but also the other science thesaurus.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2000

Background and Purpose ; Sasang Constitutional medicine is dividing individual's constitutions into four categories. Determination of an individual's constitution however, can be different according to what diagnostic standards apply. In this study, We investigated how different the applying results of the three diagnostic standards-the yong-mo(容貌), the body type(體形), and the mind(心性)-are and what the inter-diagnostic standard agreement is. Methods ; 36 patients in cerebral-infarction, admitted into the Dong-Eui Korean hospital from 1. May. 2000 to 12. October. 2000, were diagnosed by three diagnostic standards - the yong-mo(容貌), the body type(體形), and the mind(心性). Each patient was treated by Sasang constitutional medicine. The agreement of the final constitutional diagnosis and the result of each diagnostic standard was analyzed. Results 1. The number of Taeeumin was 13(40.6%), Soyangin was 10(31.3%), Soeumin was 9(28.1%). 2. In terms of analysis on the agreement of the final constitutional diagnosis and the result of each diagnostic standard, the yong-mo(容貌) showed the highest agreement of 93.8%, followed by 68.8% of the mind(心性), and the body type(體形) showed the lowest agreement of 53.1%. 3. The yong-mo(容貌) standard showed high diagnostic rate of the three constitutions(Soyangin, Taeeumin, Soeumin) generally and diagnostic rate of Soeumin was especially high. The body type(體形) standard showed low diagnostic rate of Taeeumin, and high diagnostic rate of Soeumin. The mind(心性) standard showed low diagnostic rate of Soeumin. 4. In terms of analysis on the agreement of inter-diagnostic standard result, the yong-mo(容貌) and the mind(心性) show the highest agreement, the mind(心性) and the body type(體形) showed the lowest agreement. 5. If the results come out that the three diagnostic standards have no concentration on one constitution, it was effective to choose the result of the yong-mo(容貌) standard. If it is the case the result of inter-diagnostic standard agreed more than two, it was better to follow the two agreed result than to follow the result of one specific characteristic standard.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.237-266
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• 2009

KORUS-FTA are consist of articles 8. In order to the subjects are, application of a safeguard measures, conditions and limitations, provisional measures, compensation, global safeguard actions, definitions, antidumping and countervailing duties, committee on trade remedies. In especially, regarding application of a safeguard measures under KORUS-FTA, if as a result of the reduction or elimination of a customs duty under this agreement, an originating good of the other party is being imported into the territory of a party in such increased quantities, in absolute terms or relative to domestic production, and under such conditions that the imports of such originating good from the other party constitute a substantial cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry producing a like or directly competitive good, the party may: suspend the further reduction of any rate of customs duty on the good provided for under this agreement; increase the rate of customs duty on the good to a level not to exceed the lesser of: the most-favored-nation (MFN) applied rate of duty on the good in effect at the time the action is taken; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect on the day immediately preceding the date this Agreement enters into force; or in the case of a customs duty applied to a good on a seasonal basis, increase the rate of duty to a level that, for each season, does not exceed the lesser of: the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date of application of the safeguard measure; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date this agreement enters into force.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 수돗물 가격 인식에 따른 물 절약 효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과 수도요금 가격인상 찬성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인은 수도요금 정부지원 적절성(p<.001), 가정용 수도요금 적절성(p<.01), 수도요금 부과체계 적절성, 수도요금 적절성, 용도별 및 지역별 가격차이 적절성(p<.05) 순으로 영향력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 최종학력, 거주지, 가구원수, 직업, 월평균 가구소득, 월평균 수도요금에 따른 수도요금 가격인상 찬성도 및 물 절약 행동의지에 대한 집단 간 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구는 수돗물 가격 인식에 따른 수도요금 인상 시 물 절약 효과를 분석함으로써 수돗물 가격인상 찬성도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝히고 물 절약 실천을 위한 수도요금 정책에 시사점을 제공한 데 그 의의가 있다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to assess the agreement of survival probability estimated by International Classification of Diseases l0th Edition(ICD-10) based International Classification of Diseases based Injury Severity Score(ICISS) with professional panel's judgment on preventable death. ICISS has a promise as an alternative to Trauma and Injury Severity Score(TRISS) which have served as a standard measure of trauma severity, but requires more validation studies. Furthermore as original version of ICISS was based ICD-9CM, it is necessary to test its performance employing ICD-10 which has been used in Korea and is expected to replace ICD-9 in many countries sooner or later. Methods : For 1997 and 1998 131 trauma deaths and 1,785 blunt trauma inpatients from 6 emergency medical centers were randomly sampled and reviewed. Trauma deaths were reviewed by professional panels with hospital records and survival probability of trauma inpatients was assessed using ICD-10 based ICISS. For trauma mortality degree of agreement between ICISS survival probability with judgment of professional panel on preventable death was assessed and correlation between W-score and preventable death rate by each emergency medical center was assessed. Results : Overall agreement rate of ICISS survival probability with preventable death judged by professional panel was 66.4%(kappa statistic 0.36). Spearman's correlation coefficient between W-score and preventable death rate by each emergency medical center was -0.77(p=0.07) and Pearson's correlation coefficient between them was -0.90(p=0.01). Conclusions : The agreement rate of ICD-10 based ICISS survival probability with of professional panel's judgment on preventable death was similar to TRISS. The W-scores of emergency medical centers derived from ICD-10 based ICISS were highly correlated with preventable death rates of them with marginal statistical significance.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.71-76
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate agreement, content and demand for home nursing care of hospital inpatients in brain, spain and musculoskeletal diseases. The data was collected by interviewing with 242 patients who were hospitalized in university hospital on Taegu, from September 6,60 October 9, 1993. Of 242 patients, 66.1% agreed to home nursing care system and rate of agreement was highest between 30 years to 49 years of age as 40.4% in general characteristics. The rate of agreement according to type of diagnosis was highest inpatients with spinal diseases as 75.6% according to functional status was the highest in patients who had daily living activity freely as 69.4% according to prognosis in patients at terminal stage as 80.0% and the rate of agreement to home nursing care of patients who wanted early discharge was 73.9% The first-ranking reasons of agreement to home nursing care was asking for continuous relationship with doctor as 37.3% and there was statistically significant difference in reasons of agreement to home nursing care according to functional status of patients. The first-ranking reason of early discharge among patients who wanted early discharge(74.8%) was because of long time stay in hospital. Among 23 items of nursing activity that patient wanted, the first-ranking item was recovery promotion, prevention of complication, education and counseling for health as 76.4%, drug management was 2nd-ranking item as 62.1% and the third was regular checking of vital signs as 55.9%, The lowest item of demand for home nursing care was hospice care(3.9%) and airway keep(9.1%).

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권43호
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• pp.239.1-239.12
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• 2018

Background: We described a novel multi-step retinal fundus image reading system for providing high-quality large data for machine learning algorithms, and assessed the grader variability in the large-scale dataset generated with this system. Methods: A 5-step retinal fundus image reading tool was developed that rates image quality, presence of abnormality, findings with location information, diagnoses, and clinical significance. Each image was evaluated by 3 different graders. Agreements among graders for each decision were evaluated. Results: The 234,242 readings of 79,458 images were collected from 55 licensed ophthalmologists during 6 months. The 34,364 images were graded as abnormal by at-least one rater. Of these, all three raters agreed in 46.6% in abnormality, while 69.9% of the images were rated as abnormal by two or more raters. Agreement rate of at-least two raters on a certain finding was 26.7%-65.2%, and complete agreement rate of all-three raters was 5.7%-43.3%. As for diagnoses, agreement of at-least two raters was 35.6%-65.6%, and complete agreement rate was 11.0%-40.0%. Agreement of findings and diagnoses were higher when restricted to images with prior complete agreement on abnormality. Retinal/glaucoma specialists showed higher agreements on findings and diagnoses of their corresponding subspecialties. Conclusion: This novel reading tool for retinal fundus images generated a large-scale dataset with high level of information, which can be utilized in future development of machine learning-based algorithms for automated identification of abnormal conditions and clinical decision supporting system. These results emphasize the importance of addressing grader variability in algorithm developments.