• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 1963

Various species of the genus Capsicum contain in their fruits an intensively sharp and pungent substance, Capsaicin, which was first isolated in an almost pure state by Thresh. Containing the pungent principle, Capsicums are used extensively in food as a spice and in medicine as a rubefacient and carminative. Numerous methods have been proposed for the isolation, the chemical structure and the quantitative determination of Capsaicin. Modifying the several methods described before, the Capsaicin contents in various species of the genus Capsicum were determined as follows. (1) The isolation of pure Capsaicin was the essential first step for the determination of Capsaicin contents. Powdered cayenne pepper was extracted with acetone. By the method of ether alkali partition extraction slightly modified at this laboratory and by the recrystallization with light petroleum ether that was repeated ten times, the pure crystalline Capsaicin was obtained. Using this Capsaicin, the standard absorption curve was drawn with Beckman spectrophotometer model DU for the quantitative determination of Capsaicin. 92) The powdered sample was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with ether-acetone solvent system(3:1) for 25 hours. Capsaicin in this ether-acetone extracts was efficiently separated in a pure state by paper partition chromatography using 58% methanol solution as developing agent. It was found that 58% methanol was one of the most valuable solvent to separate Capsaicin from impurities such as sterols, fatty acids, waxes and carotenoid pigments. (3) The colorimetric method modifying the Schulte-Kruger's method which consists of measuring the red color produced with diazobenzenesulphonic acid was used. Capsaicin in various species of the genus Capsicum was determined quantitatively with use of Beckman spectrophotometer model DU at $480\;m{\mu}$.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.290-297
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• 2002

The appearance of web technology has accelerated the role of the application of multimedia technology, computer communication technology and multimedia application contents. Recently WBI model which is based on web has been proposed in the part of the new activity model of teaching-teaming. How to learn and evaluate is required to consider individual learner's learning level. And it is recognized that the needs of the efficient and automated education agents in the web-based instruction is increased But many education systems that had been studied recently did not service fluently the courses which learners had been wanting and could not provide the way for the learners to study the learning weakness which is observed in the continuous feedback of the course. In this paper we propose design of multi-module system for course scheduling of learner-oriented using weakness analysis algorithm. First proposed system monitors learner's behaviors constantly, evaluates them, and calculates his accomplishment and weakness. From this weakness the multi-agent prepares the learner a suitable course environment to strengthen his weakness. Then the learner achieves an active and complete teaming from the repeated and suitable course.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2001

Objective : Albumin is a very useful drug for the improving of cerebral blood volume and the oncotic effect in cerebral ischemia or cerebral vasospasm. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological and neurological effect of albumin therapy on reperfusion injury following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Materials and Methods : 18 Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 270-320g were used. The ischemia model was produced by 2-hour period of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion with a poly-L-lysin coated intraluminal suture. The agent(20% human serum albumin[HSA]) or control solution(NaCl 0.9%) was administered intravenously at a dosage of 1% of body weight immediate after reperfusion following a 2-hour period occlusion. Neurological function was evaluated by the postural reflex and the forlimb placing test during occlusion(at 60 min) and daily for 3 days thereafter. The brain was perfusion-fixed, and infarct volumes and brain edema were measured. Results : The HSA significantly improved the neurological score in treated group. The rats of albumin treatment group showed significantly reduced total infarct volume(by 34%) and brain edema(by 81%) compared with salinetreated rats. Conclusion : HSA showed a substantial effect on the transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury model. These results may indicate its usefulness in treating reperfusion injury patients after thrombolysis treatment for the thrombo-embolic major cerebral artery occlusions.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.320-327
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• 2015

Although service robots in various fields are being commercialized, most of them have problems that depend on explicit commands by users and have difficulty to generate robust reactions of the robot in the unstable condition using insufficient sensor data. To solve these problems, we modeled mirror neuron and theory of mind systems, and applied them to a robot agent to show the usefulness. In order to implement quick and intuitive response of the mirror neuron, the proposed intention-response model utilized behavior selection networks considering external stimuli and a goal, and in order to perform reactions based on the long-term action plan of theory of mind system, we planned behaviors of the sub-goal unit using a hierarchical task network planning, and controled behavior selection network modules. Experiments with various scenarios revealed that appropriate reactions were generated according to external stimuli.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

Purpose: Local skin necrosis after extravasation of adriamycin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, is a common problem in cancer patients. The extravasation of chemotherapeutic agents yields severe inflammatory responses, crust formation, skin necrosis, and ulceration. Even though several treatment options have been proposed for extravasation injury, there is still controversy regarding the management of such lesions. Thus the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of saline injection(Group 1), hydrocortisone injection(Group 2), propranolol injection(Group 3) and early surgical excision as a treatment(Group 4) in a rat extravasation model. Methods: The authors planned forty mature male Sprague - Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and each group contained 10 rats. Administration of adriamycin($1.0mg/m{\ell}$) $1.5m{\ell}$ by subcutaneous injection on the dorsal side of the rats was followed by protocol. The treatment options were applied 2 hours after adriamycin injection. At the end of the 5th days, the presence and size of ulcers at the injection site were measured. 3 weeks after injection, a histopathologic examination was performed for each treatment and control group. T - tests were used to analyze the differences between the measurements. Results: Propranolol significantly improved tissue recovery compared with control group and other groups. These data suggest that there is little role for saline and hydrocortisone in the treatment of adriamycin extravasation injury. Conclusion: In this study, we compared some treatment methods in adriamycin extravasation model. The findings support the propranolol injection may prevent extravasation injury. However this study was performed in the laboratory using rats, and the results could be different in clinical application. Thus, more needs further investigations and clinical application.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.542-548
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• 2020

Naturally derived diosmetin and its glycoside diosmin are known to be effective in treating inflammatory disease. This study was performed to determine whether diosmin and diosmetin have the effect of improving atopic dermatitis in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzen (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) model. DNCB was used to establish AD model in hairless mice. Skin moisture, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and histological analysis were performed to measure the effectiveness of diosmin and diosmetine to improve AD. IL-4 levels were also measured in RBL-2H3 cells. Administration of diosmetin or diosmin orally inhibited the progress of DNCB-induced AD-like lesions in murine models by inhibiting transdermal water loss (TEWL) and increasing skin hydration. Diosmetin or diosmin treatment also reduced IgE and IL-4 levels in AD-induced hairless mouse serum samples. However, in the in vitro assay, only diosmetin, not diosmin, reduced the expression level of IL-4 mRNA in RBL-2H3 cells. Diosmin and diosmetine alleviated the altered epidermal thickness and immune cell infiltration in AD. Diosmin is considered effective in the cure of AD and skin inflammatory diseases by being converted into diosmetin in the body by pharmacokinetic metabolism. Thus, oral administration of diosmetin and diosmin might be a useful agent for the treatment of AD and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.457-466
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• 2010

Objective : In benign prostatic hyperplasia, dihydrotestosterone acts as a potent cellular androgen and promotes prostate growth. Inhibiting enzyme $5{\alpha}$-reductase that is involved in the conversion of testosterone to the active form dihydrotestosterone reduces this excessive prostate growth. The mechanism on benign prostatic hyperplasia is substantiating evidence to support the clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lygodium japonicum on cyto-pathological alterations and expression of $5{\alpha}$-reductase in the rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with testosterone after castration for induction of experimental benign prostatic hyperplasia, which is similar to human benign prostatic hyperplasia in histopathological profiles. Lygodium japonicum as an experimental specimen, and finasteride as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological changes and testosterone levels. Also, the prostates were observed by hematological alterations of AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP, BUN and creatinine. Results : The rats treated with Lygodium japonicum showed a diminished range of luminal cell and duct epithelial cell damage. The stromal elements and connective tissue proliferation of Lygodium japonicum treated group as compared to the control group decreased. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Lygodium japonicum may protect the glandular epithelial cells. We concluded that Lygodium japonicum could be a useful remedy agent for treating the benign prostatic hyperplasia.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.779-790
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• 2007

Objective : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is a common disease, it is very difficult to treat effectively. GLS (Gleditsiae Spina) has traditionally been used in treatment of urinary tract inflammation and voiding disturbance. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of GLS in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Method : We observed four experimental objects of normal group, control group, testosterone group, and GLS group. Rats were treated with 17$\beta$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacteral prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histophatological profiles. GLS and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control, respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histopahological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. Also, the prostates were observed by hematological alterations of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with GLS showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in GLS over that of the control. The epithelial-stromal ratio was lower in GLS when compared to that of the control. Conclusion : These findings suggest that GLS may protect the glandular epithelial cells. We concluded that GLS could be a useful remedy agent for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1997

Cis-dichlorodiammine platin${\mu}M$II (Cisplatin), an effective chemotherapeutic agent, induces acute renal failure by unknown mechanisms. To investigate direct toxic effects of cisplatin on the renal proximal tubular transport system, LLC-$PK_1$ cell line was selected as a cell model and the sugar transport activity was evaluated during a course of cisplatin treatment. Cells grown to confluence were treated with cisplatin for 60 min, washed, and then incubated for up to 5 days. At appropriate intervals, cells were tested for sugar transport activity using ${\alpha}-methyl-D-[^{14}C]glucopyranoside$ (AMG) as a model substrate. In cells treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ cisplatin, the AMG uptake was progressively impaired after 3 days. The viability of cells was not substantially changed with cisplatin of less than 100 ${\mu}M$, but it decreased markedly with 150 and 200 ${\mu}M$. In cisplatin-treated cells, the $Na^+$ -dependent AMG uptake was drastically inhibited with no change in the $Na^+$ -independent uptake. Kinetic analysis indicated that Vmax was suppressed, but Km was not altered. The $Na^+$ -dependent phlorizin binding was also decreased in cisplatin-treated cells. However, the AMG efflux from preloaded cells was not apparently retarded by cisplatin treatment. These data indicate that the cisplatin treatment impairs $Na^+$ -hexose cotransporters in LLC-$PK_1$ cells and suggest strongly that defects in transporter function at the luminal plasma membrane of the proximal tubular cells constitute an important pathogenic mechanism of cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2008

Objective: There is increasing evidence that chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is recognized to be a local inflammatory disease, and there is substantiating evidence to support the role of the inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis, and clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Prunella vulgaris has been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory diseases, including of scrofula, goiter, and allergy diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of Prunella vulgaris on inflammatory cytokines and cytopathological alternation in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and $17{\beta}-estradiol$ treatment. Methods: Two-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}-estradiol$ after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Prunella vulgaris as an experimental specimen, and testosterone as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelial-stromal ratio for glandular damage, and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes including the interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-5, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. Results: While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Prunella vulgaris showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in Prunella vulgaris over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelial-stromal ratio was lower with Prunella vulgaris when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of inflammatory cytokine genes, Prunella vulgaris inhibited the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ genes, while it modulated the expression of IL-5, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Prunella vulgaris may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with the immune modulation including the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokine. From theses results, we suggest that Prunella vulgaris could be a useful remedy agent for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.