• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.603-622
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• 2012

The population aged 95 years and older in Seoul approximately increased to five-fold over the past 10 years, while nationwide rates increased to three-fold. In order to examine the dietary habit and nutritional status of oldest-old population living in Seoul, we recruited 87 subjects (25 males and 62 females) aged 95 years and older. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 $kg/m^2$) and obesity (BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) were 18.2% and 18.2% in males, and 20.8% and 9.4% in females, respectively. In self-assessment of health, only 25.3% answered to be unhealthy. More males exercised regularly and reported a wide range of activities than females. The average of %Kcal from carbohydrate, protein and fat (C : P : F) was 64.9 : 13.8 : 21.2 in males and 68.1 : 14.2 : 17.7 in females. The average daily energy intake was 1,307 kcal in males and 1,304 kcal in females. More than 75% of subjects were taking under estimated average requirements (EAR) for vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$ & C and Ca. The average of mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.66 in males and 0.70 in females, and 28.8% of males and 12.9% of females were in MAR < 0.50. Based on MAR, 32.0% of males and 14.5% females were classified as normal and 16.0% of males and 25.8% of females were classified as malnourished. Our subjects were taking more animal food, especially milk and its products, compared to those living, in rural areas. However, a significant proportion did not meet the EAR for vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$ & C and Ca.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구는 결핵 접촉자 조사에서 수집된 자료를 분석하고 그 결과를 평가하고자 계획되었다. 방법: 2012년 8월부터 2014년 7월까지 만 19세 이상의 배양검사 양성인 폐결핵 환자의 소아청소년 접촉자들의 진료기록을 검토하였다. 결과: 배양검사 양성인 폐결핵 환자 79명과 그들의 소아청소년 접촉자 116명이 확인되었다. 확인된 접촉자 116명 중 22%는 접촉자 검진을 중단하였다. 접촉자 검진을 완료한 90명 중 TST 음성이 42%이고 TST 양성이 58%였으며, 검진 기간 중 1%가 활동성 폐결핵으로 진단되었다. 항산균 도말 검사 음성 결핵 환자들의 접촉자 50명의 TST 양성률은 50%였다. 5세 이상의 연령(OR 8.3; 95% CI 2.3-30)과 남성(OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.5-9.9)이 접촉자 검진 중단과 유의하게 연관되었다. 결론: 활동성 폐결핵 환자들의 접촉자들을 확인하고 올바르게 검진하기 위해서 접촉자 검진 과정의 개선이 필요하다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.298-304
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the association of blood pressure levels with the common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques. Methods : Data were obtained from 2,635 subjects, aged 50 years and over, who participated in the Community Health Survey (a population-based, cross-sectional study) in Dong-gu, Gwangju city between 2007 and 2008. Participants were categorized into three groups according to blood pressure levels; normotensives (<120/80 mmHg), prehypertensives (120-139/80-89 mmHg), and hypertensives ($\geq$140/90 mmHg). Prehypertensives were further categorized as low prehypertensives (120-129/80-84 mmHg) and high prehypertensives (130-139/85-89 mmHg). Carotid intima-media thickness and plaques were evaluated with a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. Results : Prehypertensives had significantly greater maximal CCA-IMT values than normotensives, with a multivariate adjusted odds ratio of 1.78 (95% CI=1.36-2.32) for abnormal CCA-IMT (maximal CCA-IMT$\geq$1.0 mm), and 1.45 (95% CI=1.19-1.77) for carotid plaques. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of low prehypertensives was 1.64 (95% CI=1.21-2.21) for abnormal CCA-IMT, and 1.30 (95% CI=1.04-1.63) for carotid plaques compared with normotensives. Subject with hypertension had higher frequency of abnormal CCA-IMT (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% CI=1.49-3.18), and carotid plaques (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% CI=1.46-2.67) compared with normotensives after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions : Our results indicate that there is a significant increase in the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with prehypertension (even in low prehypertensives) compared with normotensive subjects. Further studies are required to confirm the benefits and role of carotid ultrasonography in persons with prehypertension.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.727-733
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• 2011

This study was performed to examine the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), the body fat, and the serum lipids of post-menopausal women in rural areas. The subjects were 510 women aged 50 and over. As a result of this study, we found a trend of decreasing BMI as age increased, but body fat increased. In addition, there was a significant decreasing of the lean body mass than an increasing of the body mass index according to increasing age. Therefore, this study confirmed that a main cause of rural women being classified as obese is a decrease in lean body mass, rather than an increase in of body fat. Of all subjects, 36.3% ($18.5{\leq}BMI$ < 23) of all subjects were classified as having normal BMI, whereas only 21.4% were classified as having normal body fat. Out of 190 subjects who were body fat 30% and over, 38 subjects were classified as obese ($BMI{\geq}25$) and 113 subjects were classified as overweight ($23{\leq}BMI$ < 25). The percentile of those with a BMI of $25kg/m^2$ was 70, and they had 30.82% body fat. HDL cholesterol showed a negative correlation with anthropometric factors (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat), and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a positive correlation. Especially, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and hip circumference showed significant correlations. Because of differences in the body fat and lean body mass by age group, it seems difficult to assess obesity via BMI only. The elderly especially should have a higher significance placed on body fat or abdominal fat than only BMI.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between iron deficiency without anemia and physical performance in healthy women aged 20-21 yrs. Ten subjects with normal iron stores (serum ferritin $\geq$ 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/L: iron-sufficient group) and 11 subjects with iron depletion without anemia (serum ferritin < 12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and serum hemoglobin > 120 g/L: iron-depleted group) were chosen from a group of 50 women and were given physical-performance tests, including determinations of maximum oxygen consumption (VO$_2$ max) and ventilatory threshold. Iron status assessment included determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, seam ferritin, total iron-binding rapacity, serum iron and transferrin saturation values. Dietary iron intake was assessed based on seven-day food intake records written by the subjects. Physical activity level was estimated by frequency questionnaires and two-week physical activity records were compiled daily by the subjects. Blood ferritin concentration was significantly lower in the iron-depleted group than in the iron-sufficient group (p < 0.05). However, other variables showing iron status was not different between the groups. There were no significant differences in body size, body composition and physical activity levels between the groups. Daily dietary iron, total protein and animal protein intakes of the iron-sufficient group were significantly higher than those of the iron depleted group. However, no differences were found in the amount of dietary vitamin C and fiber between the groups. The values for VO$_2$max and VO$_2$max corrected with weight or fat-free mass were not different between the groups. However, the ventilatory threshold was significantly higher in the iron sufficient group than in the iron-depleted group. The lower ventilatory threshold in the iron-depleted group suggests that iron depletion without anemia could diminish aerobic physical performance in young women. In addition, a significant correlation of physical performance to serum fferritin level was shown only in the iron depleted group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. In Iraq, breast cancer ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women but no studies have been conducted on incidence trends. The present study of breast cancer in the country during 2000-2009 was therefore performed. Materials and Metbods: The registered data for breast cancer cases were collected from the Iraqi Cancer Registry/Ministry of Health. The significance of incidence rate trends during 2000-2009 was tested using Poisson regression. Age-standardized rates (ASR), and age-specific rates per 100,000 population were calculated. ResultS" A total of 23,792 incident breast cancer cases were registered among females aged ${\geq}15$ years, represented 33.8% of all cancers in females registered during 2000-2009. It ranked first in all the years. The median age at diagnosis was 49 and the mean age was 52 years. The incidence rate of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) increased from 26.6 per 100,000 in 2000 to 31.5 per 100,000 in 2009 (APC=1.14%, p<.0001). The incidence in age groups (40-49), (50-59) and (70+) increased in earlier years and has recently (2005-2009) become stable. The incidence in age group (60-69) did not decline since 2003, while the incidence rates in the age group (15-39) started to decline in 2004. Conclusions' With the Iraqi Cancer Registry data during the period 2000-2009, the incidence of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) has risen. We found rapid increase in the age specific incidence rate among age group 60-69. However, breast cancer among Iraqi women still affects younger age groups than their counterparts in developed countries. Further epidemiological research is needed to examine possible causes and prevention measures.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2004

Women have a greater incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) after menopause. This relates to hormone imbalance-induced changes in known CHD risk factors, especially hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to explore d1e differences in food consumption and food sources of nutrients in the Korean diet between postmenopausal women aged 50-74 years with normocholesterolemia(NC) and those with hypercholesterolemia(HC). Each subject was either classified as part of the NC group (n=39, serum total cholesterol con. ＜200 mg/$dl$) or the HC group (n=31, serum total cholesterol con. $\geq$240 mg/dl) based on the Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia.l Diet was assessed through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of foods such as biscuits and/or crackers, squid and eggs was significantly (p＜0.05) higher in the HC group than in the NC group. On the other hand, consumption of potatoes/starches and carrots was significantly (p＜0.05) lower in the HC group than in the NC group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the consumption of legumes and legume products containing phytoestrogen and we could not find a relationship between legumes and legume products and serum cholesterol levels. Consumption of green tea tended to be lower in the HC group than in the NC group. Major sources of cholesterol, cholesterol-saturated index and vitamin A in the diets of the HC group consisted of foods high in cholesterol. Our results confirm that postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia in Korea tend to consume cholesterol-rich foods and dishes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10841-10846
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• 2015

Background: Smoking is a primary risk factor for cancer development. While most research has focused on smoking cigarettes, the increasing popularity of shisha or water pipe smoking has received less attention. This study measured the prevalence and risk factors for shisha and cigarette smoking and related knowledge. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Participants aged ${\geq}18years$ were selected from restaurants. Data regarding demographic variables, smoking patterns, and knowledge about shisha smoking were collected in local languages. Logistic regression was performed to assess risk factors. Results: Of 239 participants, 61.9 % were male and 99.2% revealed their smoking status. Some 57.4% were smokers: 50.7% only cigarettes, 5.9% only shisha and 42% both. Mean age of starting cigarette smoking was $17.5{\pm}2.4years$ and for shisha smoking $18.7{\pm}2.0years$. In a univariate model, male gender, age 33-52 years and monthly income > MYR 4,000 increased the risk and unemployment and being a student decreased the risk. In a multivariate model, male gender increased the risk of smoking, while being a student decreased the risk, adjusting for age and income. The perception of shisha being less harmful than cigarettes was present in 14.6% and 7.5% had the opinion that shisha is not harmful at all, while 21.7% said that it is less addictive than cigarettes, 39.7% said that shisha did not contain tar and nicotine, 34.3% said that it did not contain carbon monoxide and 24.3% thought that shisha did not cause health problems. Conclusions: Prevalence of shisha and cigarette smoking is high in the general population in Malaysia and knowledge about shisha smoking is relatively low. The findings of our study might have implications for understanding similarities and differences in incidence of shisha and cigarette smoking in other cultural/geographic regions.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2015

Objectives: To examine the sex-specific factors associated with being unaware of one's hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity status in a large, HBsAg-positive population of Koreans. Methods: In total, 1197 subjects aged 19 years or older who were HBsAg-positive according to data from the 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Subjects were considered unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status if they answered that they had no knowledge of being previously infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or diagnosed with HBV hepatitis. Multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance estimate were used to assess the significance of the variables using weighted frequencies. Results: The majority (77.8%) of HbsAg-positive Korean adults (females, 81.9%; males, 74.6%) were unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status. We found that sex (female: prevalence ratio [PR] 1.19), household income (low: PR, 1.15), marital status (never married: PR, 1.18), self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.12), and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. In females, age (50 to 59 years: PR, 1.29; ${\geq}70$ years: PR, 1.30), household income (low: PR, 1.37; middle-low: PR, 1.24), and marital status (never married: PR, 1.33) were associated with being unaware. In males, self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.21) and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. Conclusions: Factors related to the socioeconomic status of females and the health-related behaviors of males were found to be associated with being unaware of one's HBsAg seropositivity status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2010

High sodium intake is one of the risk factors for the development of hypertension. According to 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, sodium intake of Korean was three times higher than adequate intake (1.5 g/day) recommended by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. High sodium intake is related to high threshold and preference of salty taste. And zinc status is known to affect taste acuity. The hypothesis of this study is that zinc status is associated with salty taste acuity, preference, sodium intake and blood pressure. The subjects included in this study were 50 men and 41 women aged 20-29 y who did not smoke and not take supplements or medications regularly. Dietary intake data for 3 days were collected by 24-h recall for 1 day and dietary record for 2-days. Salty taste acuity and preference were determined by sensory test. Fasting serum concentration of zinc, height, weight, body composition and blood pressure data were collected. Salt taste preference in high zinc intake group ($\geq$ estimated average requirement, EAR; men-8.1 mg/day, women-7 mg/day) was higher than that in low zinc intake group (< EAR). Salty taste preference was inversely correlated with serum zinc concentration in people with low concentration of serum zinc (${\leqq}\;81\;{\mu}g/dL$)(r = -0.3520, p < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure was higher in high sodium intake group than in low sodium intake group (p < 0.05), positively correlated with salty taste preference (r = 0.3866, p < 0.05) in subjects with daily zinc intake below the EAR. We conclude that low zinc status may be related to high salty taste preference and high blood pressure in Korean young adults.