• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional meal variety of self-selected diet in Korean adults with different age groups. Subjects were recruited and divided info three groups according to the age, which included 20$\sim$49 yrs group(n=129), 50$\sim$64 yrs group(n=134), and $\geq$65 yrs group(n핀8). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 40.8 years for 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 57.1 years for 50$\sim$64 yrs group, and 70.7 years for $\geq$65 yrs group. The daily food, energy and nutrient intakes ere decreased with increment of age. The intakes of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium were under the 75% of RIs, respectively. The numbers of food items in diet of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 14.2, 17.0, 13.2 for breakfast, 16.3, 15.4, 13.5 for lunch, 13.1, 15.1, 13.9 for dinner, respectively. And the numbers of dish items in these groups were 4.0, 4.6, 3.8 for breakfast, 4.4, 4.2, 3.9 for lunch, 4.0, 4.0, 3.6 for dinner, respectively. The KDDS of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 3.9, 3.6 and 3.4 respectively and there was significant difference(p<0.001). According to these results, it could be suggested aged group take a undesirable meal in the right of insufficient nutrient intake to DRIs and lower food and dish items, and therefore showing a strong need of proper dietary management for them.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2008

한국건강관리협회에 내원한 환자 중 설문에 응해준 268명(여성 136명, 남성 132명)의 연령, 체질량지수 (BMI) 및 생활습관과 골밀도(BMD)의 관계를 연구하였다. 골밀도는 이중에너지 X선 흡수계측기를 이용하여 요추(lumbar spine)와 대퇴경부(femoral neck)에서 측정하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 여성의 평균키는 $155.8{\pm}6.0cm$, 평균체중은 $56.8{\pm}7.9kg$, 평균체질량지수는 $23.4{\pm}3.1kg/m^2$으로 나타났으며, 남성의 평균키는 $169.1{\pm}6.0cm$, 평균체중은 $69.0{\pm}9.5kg$, 평균체질량지수는 $24.1{\pm}2.7kg/m^2$이었다. 연령이 증가할수록 골밀도가 감소되었으며, 연령과 골밀도는 매우 유의한 관련성을 보였다(p<0.01). 그러나 여성의 골밀도는 50대 이후에 급격히 감소되는데 비해, 남성의 골밀도는 연령의 증가와 더불어 점진적으로 감소되었다. 그리고 남녀 모두 요추의 골밀도가 대퇴경부의 골밀도보다 낮았다. 체질량지수가 증가할수록 골밀도가 대체로 높아졌으며, 특히 50대에서는 뚜렷하게 높아졌다. 그러나 이들의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 골밀도 범주의 분포를 보면, 여성은 40대까지는 정상이 대부분이었으나, 50대에서는 정상과 골감소증의 비율이 비슷하였으며 60대 이상에서는 골다공증이 많았다. 그러나 남성은 70대를 제외한 모든 연령층에서 대부분 정상의 골밀도 범주에 속했다. 커피나 탄산음료는 골밀도에 영향을 주지 않았으나, 음주는 영향을 주었다. 음주집단이 비음주집단보다 골밀도가 높았으며, 유의한 관련성(p<0.05)을 보였다. 또한 흡연과 운동은 골밀도와 유의한 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2003

This study has analyzed the association of physical activity and television watching time with obesity in 30-50 aged women from middle income town in Busan city area. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, including information about physical activity, TV watching time and health habit; social data regarding educational level and monthly income; family history of chronic condition. Height and weight were measured. Outcome variable was obesity, defined as a body mass index 25 kg/m$^2$ or greater. Odds ratios (OR) for obesity were estimated by multivariate logistic regression, and interpreted as a relative risk of obesity. The prevalence of obesity was 11.8%. The mean BMI of obese women was 26.9 kg/m$^2$. The OR of obesity was higher in subject of 40s than 30s. Subjects who had higher educational level presented lower OR than those of elementary or middle school education. Family income was not associated with obesity. Women having a family history of chronic condition had higher risk of obesity than those who did not have it. The OR was lower in active people at work (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.26 - 0.98) than in inactive ones, and the ORs associated with regular exercise or activity at leisure time were not statistically different. However, subjects watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day showed higher OR (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.16 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV $\geq$ 1.5 hr/day. Association of the joint classification of physical activity variables with obesity was estimated. The highest relative risk of 5.99 was in women in physically inactive at work and high category of TV watching ($\geq$ 3.5 hr/day). Even in women in active at work, the watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day made them have the high OR (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.03 - 5.77). And at each time level of TV watching, the increasing activity level at work was associated with lower OR for obesity. These findings suggest that both TV watching time and physical activity at work were related to obesity in adult female, each with independent effects on obesity. TV watching time seems to be a significant factor that could partly evaluate the energy expenditure.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.559-569
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• 2018

Background/Aims Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. Traditionally, GERD has been considered a disease of middle-aged and older people. Since risk factors for GERD affect a growing number of the adult population, concerns have been raised that increasingly younger people may develop GERD. We aim to determine if the proportion of younger patients has increased among the GERD population. Methods The incidence of GERD as well as several variables were evaluated during an 11-year period. Explorys was used to evaluate datasets at a "Universal" and Healthcare system in northern Ohio to determine if trends at a local level reflected those at a universal level. GERD patients were classified into 7 age groups (15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ${\geq}70$ years). Results The proportion of patients with GERD increased in all age groups, except for those who were ${\geq}70$ years in the universal dataset (P < 0.001) and those who were ${\geq}60$ years in the Healthcare system (P < 0.001). The greatest rise was seen in 30-39 years in both datasets (P < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of GERD patients who were using proton pump inhibitors increased in all age groups except for those who were ${\geq}70$ years in both datasets (P < 0.001), with the greatest increase being the group 30-39 years (P < 0.001). Conclusion Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the association between the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), plaque and cardiovascular risk factors according to gender and age. Methods : The data used for this study were obtained from 1,507 subjects (691 men, 816 women), aged 20-74 years, who participated in 'Prevalence study of thyroid diseases' in two counties of Jeollanam-do Province during July and August of 2004. The body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were calculated by anthropometry The blood pressure, pulse rate, pulse pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and fasting blood sugar level were also measured. Ultrasonography was used to measure the carotid artery IMT and plaque. IMT measurements were performed at 6 sites, including both common carotid arteries, and the bulb and internal carotid arteries. The definition of the 'mean IMT' was mean value obtained from these 6 sites. Results : The ${\pm}$ standard deviation IMT values were $0.65{\pm}0.14\;and\;0.60{\pm}0.13mm$ in men and women (p<0.001), respectively. The data were analyzed according to gender and the 50 year age groups. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age and hypertension were positively associated with the mean IMT in both men and women, aged<50 years. Age, total cholesterol and smoking (current) were positively associated with the mean IMT in men $(\geq50\;years)$. Age was positively associated with the mean IMT in women $(\geq50\;years)$, but the HDL cholesterol level was negatively associated. The prevalence of plaques was 44.2%(196/443) in men and 19.4%(89/459) in women, for those greater than 50 years of age. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, age (OR=1.090, 95%CI=1.053-1.129), HDL cholesterol (OR=0.964, 95%CI=0.944-0.984), total cholesterol (OR=1.009, 95%CI=1.002-1.017)and BMI (OH=0.896, 95%CI=0.818-0.983) were independently associated with plaques in men; whereas, age (OR=1.057, 95%CI=1.012-1.103), HDL cholesterol (OR=0.959, 95%CI=0.932-0.986), pulse pressure (OR=1.029, 95%CI=1.007-1.050) and triglycerides (OR=0.531, 95%CI=0.300-0.941) were independently associated with plaques in women. Conclusions: There were significant gender and aging differences in the association between the IMT, plaque and cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, for the prevention of atherosclerosis, selective approaches should be considered with regard to gender and age factors.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.3882-3888
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• 2015

본 연구는 국가자료인 2011년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 50세 이상 성인에서 비만이 PTH에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 조사 참여자수는 8,518명이었고, 이중 50세 이상 성인 3,305명을 최종분석 대상자로 하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 PTH 평균값에 영향을 주는 관련변수(연령, 성별, SBP, DBP, 25(OH)D)를 보정 후, 정상군 (BMI, < $23.0kg/m^2$; $66.25{\pm}0.89ng/dL$)에 비하여 과체중군(BMI, $23.0-24.9kg/m^2$; $67.83{\pm}1.07 ng/dL$), 비만군(BMI,${\geq}25.0kg/m^2$; $70.71{\pm}0.94ng/dL$)의 PTH 평균값이 유의하게 증가하였고(p=0.003), Non-abdominal obesity군($66.63{\pm}0.74ng/dL$)에 비하여 Abdominal obesity군($69.30{\pm}0.80ng/dL$)의 PTH 평균값이 증가하였다(p=0.017). 결론적으로 비만과 복부비만은 PTH의 증가와 관련이 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2016

본 연구는 50세 이상 한국인을 성 연령군으로 나누어 골밀도에 근거한 골 건강상태와 우유류와 두류 섭취 간의 관련성을 조사하고자 수행되었다. 국민건강영양조사 (2008~2011년)에 참여한 만 50세 이상 남성 3,201명과 여성 3,581명을 대상으로 '50~64세 남성', '50~64세 여성', '65세 이상 남성', '65세 이상 여성' 성 연령군 집단으로 나누어 정상, 골감소증, 골다공증의 골 건강상태에 따른 영양소 및 식품 섭취량을 비교하고, 로지스틱 회귀분석에 의해 우유류와 두류 섭취빈도에 따른 골다공증 오즈비를 구하였다. 통계 분석은 SAS 9.3 version을 이용하였으며, 모든 통계처리는 층화, 집락, 가중치를 고려한 복합표본설계 자료 분석 방법을 적용하였다. 50~64세 남성 1,721명 중 3.8%, 65세 이상 남성 1,480명 중 13.1%가 골다공증이었으며, 50~64세 여성 1,950명 중 15.9%, 65세 이상 여성 1,631명 중 63.0%가 골다공증이었다. 여성이 남성에 비해 4~5배 정도 골다공증 비율이 높고, 남녀 모두 연령 증가와 함께 골다공증 발생이 증가 하였다. 모든 성 연령군 집단에서 대상자의 체중과 체질량지수는 정상, 골감소증, 골다공증 순이었다. 에너지, 단백질, 나트륨, 칼륨, 칼슘 및 비타민 C 섭취량은 남성의 경우 전반적으로 정상, 골감소증, 골다공증 순이었으며, 여성도 유사한 경향을 보였다. 칼슘 섭취량의 사분위 섭취량에 따른 골다공증 오즈비 (OR)가 연령, BMI, 에너지 섭취량에 의한 보정 후 50~64세 여성과 65세 이상 남성에서 4사분위 섭취량이 1사분위 섭취량에 비해 유의하였으며, 칼슘섭취량이 많을수록 골다공증이 감소하는 경향성 (p for trend = 0.01)을 나타내었다. 그러나 음주, 흡연, 신체활동도 포함하여 보정한 후 경향성은 각각 p값이 0.055, 0.051 수준으로 낮아졌다. 50~64세 남성에서 골 건강상태가 나쁠수록 우유류와 우유 섭취량은 감소하는 경향성을 보였으며, 50~64세 여성에서는 골다공증군의 우유류와 우유 섭취량이 골감소증군에 비해 유의하게 적었다. 두류와 두부 섭취량은 모든 성 연령군에서 골 건강상태에 따른 유의적인 차이 및 경향성을 보이지 않았다. 50~64세 남성에서 우유 섭취빈도는 골다공증 위험 감소와 유의적인 관련성을 보이지 않은 반면에 65세 이상 남성에서는 우유 섭취빈도가 월 1회 미만에 비해 주 2회 이상일 경우 골다공증 위험 (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24~0.85)이 감소하였고, 감소하는 경향성 (p for trend = 0.022)을 보였다. 50~64세 여성에서 우유를 월 1회 미만 섭취하는 것에 비해 월1회~주1회 (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41~0.98) 섭취할 경우 오즈비가 유의하게 낮았다. 요구르트의 경우 50~64세 여성에서 섭취빈도가 높을수록 골다공증 위험이 감소하는 경향성 (p for trend = 0.019)을 보였다. 모든 성 연령군에서 두부 섭취빈도와 골다공증 위험과의 연관성은 나타나지 않은 반면에 두유를 주 2회 이상 섭취한 65세 이상 여성군에서는 골다공증 위험이 높게 나타났다. 혈청 25-hydroxy vitamin D 농도는 50~64세 여성에서 골 건강상태가 나쁠수록 뚜렷하게 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면, 여성의 경우는 50~64세 연령 시기에 칼슘 섭취량, 우유 및 요구르트 섭취와 골다공증 위험 감소 사이에 연관성이 있으며, 남성의 경우 65세 이후 칼슘 섭취량과 우유 섭취와 골다공증 위험 감소 사이에 연관성이 있었다. 반면 두부, 두유 등 두류 섭취는 골다공증 위험 감소에 효과적이지 않았다. 따라서 50세 이상 한국인에서 성 연령군에 적절한 골 건강상태 향상을 위한 식생활 및 생활습관 관리가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2018

Background: We aimed to estimate the proportion of patients with diabetes who achieved target glycemic control, to estimate diabetes-related costs attributable to poor control, and to identify factors associated with them in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used administrative claims data handled by Abu Dhabi Health Authority (January 2010 to June 2012) to determine glycemic control and diabetes-related treatment costs. A total of 4,058 patients were matched using propensity scores to eliminate selection bias between patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7% and HbA1c ${\geq}7%$. Diabetes-related costs attributable to poor control were estimated using a recycled prediction method. Factors associated with glycemic control were investigated using logistic regression and factors associated with these costs were identified using a generalized linear model. Results: During the 1-year follow-up period, 46.6% of the patients achieved HbA1c <7%. Older age, female sex, better insurance coverage, non-use of insulin in the index diagnosis month, and non-use of antidiabetic medications during the follow-up period were significantly associated with improved glycemic control. The mean diabetes-related annual costs were $2,282 and $2,667 for patients with and without glycemic control, respectively, and the cost attributable to poor glycemic control was $172 (95% confidence interval [CI], $164-180). The diabetes-related costs were lower with mean HbA1c levels <7% (cost ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99). The costs were significantly higher in patients aged ${\geq}65$ years than those aged ${\leq}44$ years (cost ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.25-1.70). Conclusion: More than 50% of patients with diabetes had poorly controlled HbA1c. Poor glycemic control may increase diabetes-related costs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2016

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 5기의 2011년 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 남녀를 대상으로 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, 골밀도와의 관계를 분석하였다. 평균 비타민D 섭취량은 남성이 $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$, 여성은 $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$로 나타났으며, AI 미만 섭취 비율은 남성은 71.6~96.6%,여성은 80.2~98.5%로 모두 높게 나타났으며 여성이 남성에 비해 더 높았다. 혈중 25OHD 농도는 연령이 높아질수록 증가했으며, 혈중 25OHD의 결핍수준을 20 ng/mL 미만으로 보았을 때 남성은 47.8~81.1%, 여성은 59.4~92.8%의 결핍률을 보였고 젊은 층의 결핍률이 더 높았다. 50세 미만과 이상으로 나누어 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, BMD와의 관계를 조사한 결과 50세 미만 연령층군에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 유의하게 혈중 25OHD 농도가 더 높았으며, 50세 이상 여성에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 골밀도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 즉, 한국 성인 남녀의 비타민D 섭취량 수준은 상당히 취약한 상태이나 식사를 통한 비타민D가 혈중 25OHD 농도를 상승시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 한국인이 비타민D 섭취량을 늘릴 수 있도록 강화식품 정책 등을 통해 비타민D 섭취량을 늘리는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 특히, 2010년에 비해 2015년 한국인영양소섭취기준에서 19~49세 연령층의 비타민D 충분섭취량을 $5{\mu}g$에서 $10{\mu}g$으로 상향조정한 것은 바람직한 방향으로 개정된 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

Purpose: It is well known that old age is a risk factor for postoperative complications. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk factors for poor postoperative surgical outcomes in elderly gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2015, 247 elderly gastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy were reviewed. In this study, an elderly patient was defined as a patient aged ${\geq}65$ years. All possible variables were used to explore the risk factors for poor early surgical outcomes in elderly gastric cancer patients. Results: Based on multivariate analyses of preoperative risk factors, preoperative low serum albumin level (<3.5 g/dl) and male sex showed statistical significance in predicting severe postoperative complications. Additionally, in an analysis of surgery-related risk factors, total gastrectomy was a risk factor for severe postoperative complications. Conclusions: Our study findings suggest that low serum albumin level, male sex, and total gastrectomy could be risk factors of severe postoperative complications in elderly gastric cancer patients. Therefore, surgeons should work carefully in cases of elderly gastric cancer patients with low preoperative serum albumin level and male sex. We believe that efforts should be made to avoid total gastrectomy in elderly gastric cancer patients.