• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1298-1309
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• 1999

The nutritional value of protein varies between feedstuffs. It is possible to feed animals using crystalline amino acids as a sole nitrogen source, but in practice only some limiting amino acids are added to the diet. In order to use feedstuffs efficiently, it is important to determine exact amino acid requirements. Reported values differ widely because the requirements are affected by various factors. In this report, therefore, the factors affecting amino acid requirements are reviewed as follows: 1) availability of dietary amino acids, conversion factors of nitrogen to protein, interaction of amino acids, and strain, sex and age of animals; 2) amino acid requirements for maximum performance and maintenance, usefulness of non-essential amino acids; 3) plasma amino acid concentration as a parameter to determine amino acid requirements; and 4) nitrogen excretion to reduce environmental pollution. These factors should be considered, it is to improve the dietary efficiency, which is to reduce excess nitrogen excretion for environmental pollution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1611-1616
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• 2012

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitrate consumption on egg quality and quantity, and some blood parameters of native breeder hens of West Azerbaijan province. One hundred native hens were used from wk 25 to 32 of age. These birds were divided into two groups. One group was fed the control diet (CD) but the other fed the same diet supplemented with 4.2 g/kg sodium nitrate (ND). After 2 wks of adaptation, eggs were collected daily and egg mass and egg production were measured weekly for five weeks. To assess the egg quality parameters, two eggs from each replicate pen were collected for three consecutive days each week. At the end of experimental period (wk 32 of age), blood samples of 5 birds per replicate were collected from the wing vein into anticoagulant tubes. Dietary sodium nitrate didn't affect the egg production, shell stiffness, shell thickness and Haugh unit (p>0.05) but it decreased the both egg production and egg mass during the last three weeks (wks 30, 31 and 32) (p<0.05). Furthermore, a treatment effect was observed for yolk colour (p<0.05). Both the egg production and egg mass were increased over time (p<0.05). No significant treatment${\times}$time interaction was observed for egg weight, egg production and egg mass (p>0.05). No effect of time or treatment${\times}$time were observed for shell stiffness (p>0.05). Over time, shell thickness was decreased while Haugh unit increased (p<0.05). None of the blood TP and TG or the activity of ALT, AST and LDH enzymes were affected by dietary consumption of sodium nitrate at wk 32 of age (p>0.05). Sodium nitrite decreased both the TAC and TC at wk 32 of age (p<0.001). It was concluded that the lower body antioxidant capacity of nitrate fed birds resulted in the lower performance (egg weight, egg production and egg mass).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2011

본 시험은 산란형 토종닭 실용계의 산란능력을 보고자 실시하였다. 공시계는 국립축산과학원에서 생산된 종란을 인수하여 4가지 교배 조합으로 생산된 교잡종 360수로서, 20주령부터 64주령까지 사양 시험을 실시하면서 산란 능력을 조사하였다. 교배 조합은 A) C계통${\times}$Y계통${\times}$C계통, B) C계통${\times}$L계통${\times}$C계통, C) C계통${\times}$G계통${\times}$C계통, D) C계통${\times}$W계통${\times}$C계통으로 4교배 조합, 교배 조합당 6반복, 반복당 15수씩 완전 임의배치하였다. 시산 일령과 시산 난중은 교배 조합간 유의차는 없었다. 시산시의 체중은 D 교배종이 1,319 g으로 다른 교배종들에 비해 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 주령별 체중은 B 교배종이 20, 30 및 40주령에서 가장 높았고, D 교배종이 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 평균 사료 섭취량은 B교배종이 주로 높게 나타났으며, 20~24주령, 32~44주령 및 52~60주령에서 높았다(P<0.05). 44주령 이후로는 D 교배종의평균사료섭취량이가장낮게나타났다(P<0.05). 24주령 이후부터60주령까지의평균난중은B 교배종이높았다(P<0.05). 산란율은 C 교배종이 시험기간 동안 다른 계통에 비해 높았다(P<0.05). 64주령까지의 산란수는 A, B, C, D 교배종이 각각 241.4, 235.6, 232.3 및 227.0개로서 차이를 나타내었으나(P<0.05), 28주령 이후부터는 교배 조합간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 20~24주령의 사료 요구율은 A와 C 교배종이 낮았다(P<0.05). 산란 말기인 60~64주령에서는 C 교배종의 사료 요구율이 가장 낮았다. 본 시험의 결과는 유정란 생산용 및 관상용 산란형 토종닭 생산을 위한 기초 자료를 제공함으로써 토종 실용계의 보급에 도움이 되리라 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate phenotypic characteristics, morphometric measurements, reproduction and production performances of Aseel chicken of Bangladesh. The dominant feather color of neck/hackles was red in both males (56.14%) and females (54.16%) while the sickle feather color was mostly black in both chickens (71.93% vs. 54.17%). The predominant saddle and breast feather colors were red (40.35%) and black (64.91%), respectively, in male whereas most frequent observed color was pale brown in female (58.33 and 50.0%, respectively). The predominant feather color of wing bow and wing bay was found black (68.42 and 80.70%, respectively) in male but only pale brown color was observed in females (62.5 and 54.17%, respectively) for these two characters. Different phenotypic measurements such as the average shank length and circumference were $12.79{\pm}0.13$ and $7.8{\pm}0.08$ cm, respectively, in male and $10.21{\pm}0.25$ and $5.81{\pm}0.21$ cm, respectively, in female. Keel length was $14.39{\pm}0.19$ cm in male and $10.79{\pm}0.23$ cm in female. The average adult live weight in male was measured $3749.12{\pm}83.44$ g while in female it was $2062.50{\pm}105.26$ g. The age of 1st lay was found to be 28.86 weeks. Total number of eggs laid per year ranged between 24~48, number of clutch/hen/year varied from 2 to 4 and number of eggs/clutch/hen was found to be 10~12. The average live weight of Aseel chicken at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 17 weeks of age were recorded as $31.14{\pm}0.55$, $48.63{\pm}3.99$, $116.57{\pm}5.72$, $138.40{\pm}5.91$, $212.88{\pm}4.82$, $361.00{\pm}9.72$, $577.50{\pm}42.86$, $743.75{\pm}24.65$, $1086.00{\pm}26.02$, $1402.00{\pm}24.54$ and $1432.00{\pm}27.00$ g respectively. Finally, this phenotypic characterization as well as productive and reproductive performances of Aseel chicken will give the baseline information to researcher for further study and for planning any on-ward conservation and implement strategy.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different social ranking order (SRO) and the enrichments (perch and dust-bath) allocation (EA) on behavior of laying hens in furnished cages. Methods: Total experimental period was 4 weeks. There were 216 Hy-line brown layers beak-trimmed at 1 d of age and selected randomly at 14 weeks of age from a commercial farm, and randomly divided into 36 cages with 6 hens in each cage. High enrichments (perch and dust-bath) allocation (HEA) and low enrichments (perch and dust-bath) allocation (LEA) were provided. Video observations of behavior were obtained from the focal hens between 14 and 18 weeks of age and perching, dust-bathing and other general behaviors of the hens with different social orders were measured. Results: Perching behavior of high SRO hens (HSR) were significantly higher than that of medium SRO hens (MSR), and that of the MSR were significantly higher than that of low SRO hens (LSR) (p<0.01), except for lying on perch (p>0.05). The hens in the high EA cage (HEAC) showed more lying behavior on perch than those in the low EA cage (LEAC) (p<0.01). The different SRO and EA did not affect dust-bathing behavior except vertical wing-shaking behavior (p<0.05). The LEA did not affect general behaviors (p>0.05), except standing and preening behaviors (p<0.01 and p<0.05), of which the hens in the HEAC showed less standing (p<0.01) and more preening behavior than the hens in the LEAC. Conclusion: The SRO of laying hens has a significant effect on the perching behaviors, but SRO and EA have little effect on dust-bathing and general behaviors.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2015

The study was carried out to assess the production performances of Japanese quail parent stock raised under open housing system and the study was conducted in a local farm with 2000 Japanese parent stock quail birds (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Observed body weight gain was recorded in each weekend up to 7 weeks of their age; birds gained weight 15.73, 31.45, 47.20, 90.80, 125.27, 153.14 and 175.20 grams, respectively. There have been observed sharp decline of fertility and hatchability of birds with increase of their age. Optimum fertility was recorded at third week and optimum hatchability at fifth week of their age. Average flock uniformity was found 83.68%. The hen day egg production of the flock was recorded 81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 89, 89, 89 and 88% in each weekend, respectively. It may therefore be concluded that Japanese quail parent stock performs well under open housing system in Bangladesh and future study can be taken to better understand their production performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.887-894
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare the effects of layout of furniture (a perch, nest, and sandbox) in cages on behavior and welfare of hens. Two hundred and sixteen Hyline Brown laying hens were divided into five groups (treatments) with four replicates per group: small furnished cages (SFC), medium furnished cages type I (MFC-I), medium furnished cages type II (MFC-II), and medium furnished cages type III (MFC-III) and conventional cages (CC). The experiment started at 18 week of age and finished at 52 week of age. Hens' behaviors were filmed during the following periods: 8:00 to 10:00; 13:00 to 14:00; 16:00 to 17:00 on three separate days and two hens from each cage were measured for welfare parameters at 50 wk of age. The results showed that feeding and laying of all hens showed no effect by cage type (p>0.05), and the hens in the furnished cages had significantly lower standing and higher walking than CC hens (p<0.05). The birds in MFC-III had significant higher preening, scratching and feather-pecking behavior than in the other cages (p<0.05). No difference in nesting behavior was found in the hens between the furnished cages (p>0.05). The hens in MFC-I, -II, and -III showed a significant higher socializing behavior than SFC and CC (p<0.05). The lowest perching was for the hens in SFC and the highest perching found for the hens in MFC-III. Overall, the hens in CC showed poorer welfare conditions than the furnished cages, in which the feather condition score, gait score and tonic immobility duration of the hens in CC was significantly higher than SFC, MFC-I, MFC-II, and MFC-III (p<0.05). In conclusion, the furnished cage design affected both behavior and welfare states of hens. Overall, MFC-III cage design was better than SFC, MFC-I, and MFC-II cage designs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2017

A dose-response experiment was conducted to determine the lysine requirement for broiler breeder hens during pre-peak production. Totally, one hundred and twenty-six flock 23-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder hens with similar body weight were selected ($2,188{\pm}32g$) for a 6-week experiment. Hens were fed with a basal diet of corn-wheat-soybean meal formulated to achieve the Ross 308 breeder nutrient specifications (2016), except for lysine. The 7 graded, daily lysine intake levels used in this experiment were 732, 785, 838, 891, 944, 997, and 1,050 mg, and hens were restricted to 133 g of feed throughout this experiment. Pen based egg production were recorded once a day and all eggs were weighed daily. Age at sexual maturity was determined when the hens attained age at 25% production. Body weight at 23~29 weeks of age was not affected (P>0.05) by lysine levels. By fitting a linear-plateau model, the daily lysine requirements for feed conversion ratio, total produced egg weight, and age at sexual maturity at 23~29 weeks of age were estimated as 865, 907, and 891 mg, respectively. Using a quadratic-plateau model, the daily lysine requirement at 23~29 weeks of age were estimated as 974, 964, and 950 mg for feed conversion ratio, total produced egg weight, and age at sexual maturity, respectively. These results suggested that the daily lysine requirement for modern broiler breeder hens according to the National Research Council (1994) are insufficient for higher total produced egg weight, sexual maturity, and feed efficiency, and 120% of the NRC recommendation level would improve hen productivity when data are fitted under linear- and quadratic-plateau models.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2019

본 연구는 지난 25년간 농촌진흥청 국립축산과학원에서 수집 보존되어온 한국토종닭 12종의 생산능력에 대한 특성을 제시하고자 한 것으로 종별 생존능력, 산육능력 및 산란능력을 분석하였다. 생산 형질의 조사는 총 1,134수를 대상으로 하여 생존율, 체중, 시산일령, 산란율, 산란지수, 난중 및 난질 지표를 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 생존율은 토착로드-D종 및 한국재래닭 백색종이 92.2%로 가장 우수하였으며, 토착코니시 갈색종이 54.3%로 가장 저조하였다. 4주령부터 50주령까지 체중 측정 결과, 토착코니시종, 토착로드종, 한국재래닭, 한국오계, 토착레그혼종의 순으로 지속적으로 높은 체중을 나타내었다. 품종 내 계통 및 내종간 체중의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 시산일령은 토착레그혼종이 가장 빨랐고, 토착코니시종이 가장 늦었다. 시산 이후 57주까지 일계산란율은 토착레그혼-K종이 76.7%로 가장 높았고, 토착코니시 갈색종이 10.8%로 가장 낮았다. 난중은 토착레그혼-F종이 가장 무거웠으며, 한국재래닭 백색종이 가장 가벼웠다. 호우유닛은 토착로드-C종이 가장 높았으며, 한국오계가 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과들을 종합할 때, 토착코니시종의 경우 우수한 산육능력을 바탕으로 한국형 육용종으로 개량함이 바람직하고, 토착레그혼종은 비교적 높은 산란능력을 바탕으로 한국형 난용종으로 육성함이 바람직하며, 한국재래닭 및 토착로드종은 우수한 생존능력을 기반으로 강건성 품종으로 개량하는 것이 적합하다고 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1988

본 시험은 육용종계의 사료급여시간 및 급여누수가 산란율. 난중 사료요구율, 1일 중 산란분포와 종란의 수정율 및 부화율과 난각질 등에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 마니커 육용종계 1,248수를 공시하여, 사료의 급여시간 (08：00시와 14：00시)과 급여구수(1일 1회, 1일 2회, 2일 1회)의 효과를 36주간 비교시험 하였는바 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1 육용종계의 산란율과 사료요구율은 사료의 급여시간이나 급여회수에 영향을 받지 않았고, 난중은 42주령이전에는 사료를 오후에 급여함으로서 증가하였으나 (p＜0.01) 42주령 이후에는 사료급여시간이나 급여회수에 따라 차이가 없었다. 2. 1일 중 산란분포는 격일급여구 (시험2)를 제외하고 오후사료급여구는 오전사료급여구에 비해 오전 산란수는 적고 오후산난수는 많은 경향이었다 (p＜0.01). 3 36주령과 60주령에 각각 조사한 종란의 수정률과 부화율은 처리간에 차이가 없었고, 종란의 난각질은 36주령시에는 차이가 없었으나 60주령시에는 사료를 오후에 급여함으로서 난각강도가 증가하였다. (p＜0.05).