• 한국인구학
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.53-88
• /
• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 장래인구추계를 위하여 논리적이고 상대적으로 정확한 연령별 출산율의 가정치를 설정하는 것이다. 먼저 코호트별 출산순위별 연령별 출산율의 추정과 추계를 위하여 Coale-McNeil 모형을 일반화한 로그감마분포모형을 선택한다. 다음은 보정형의 연령별 출산율 모형을 재생산을 완료하지 않은 상대적으로 젊은 출생코호트를 포함하는 실적치 자료에 맞추기 위하여, 출산력 파라메터를 추정하는 방법을 설명한다. 본 연구는 일련의 출생코호트의 출생순위별 연령별 출산율을 역출하여, 장래의 특정연도 대하여 연령별 출산율을 추계한다. 가령, 2010년의 20세의 연령별 출산율은 1990년에 태어난 출생코호트의 20세에서의 연령별 출산율이고, 2010년의 21세의 연령별 출산율은 1989년에 태어난 출생코호트의 21세에서의 연령별 출산율에 해당한다. 결국 2010년에 태어난 코호트까지의 연령별 출산율의 추계치를 얻게 되면, 2055년도 까지의 기간별(연도별_령별 출산율에 대한 가정치를 설정할 수 있다. 본 연구의 출산력 가정치와 통계청의 2005년 장래인구 특별추계의 가정치 사이에 차이가 나는 것은 털 연구의 출산예측모형에서 혼인연령의 상승과 독신여성의 증가로 인한 출산력 저하의 최근 추세를 제대로 반영하였기 때문이라고 할 수 있으며, 이러한 점에서 본 연구의 출산력 가정치가 논리적이고 합리적이라고 주장할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 장래인구추계와 관련하여, 출산력 가정치 설정을 위한 출산예측모형의 본질적 과제는 어떻게 기간효과(를 슬기롭게 다루느냐 하는 것이다. 코호트모형을 근간으로 하여, 최근의 실적치를 바탕으로 약간의 기간적 수정을 하는 것을 제외하고는 기간효과를 별도로 취급하기는 쉽지 않다.

• 한국사회정책
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.173-200
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 크게 두 가지의 연구목적을 갖는다. 첫째, 생애과정관점에 따라 중고령자들의 연령집단별 삶의 만족과 노화불안의 수준을 살펴봄으로써 대도시에서 노년기를 맞이한 사람들의 삶의 현황을 파악한다. 둘째, 노화과정에서 심리적 안녕감을 나타내는 삶의 만족 제고와 노화불안 감소에 기여하는 영향요인, 즉 개인의 객관적인 삶의 조건을 의미하는 인구사회학적 변수들의 영향력과 고령친화 환경의 영향력을 상호 검토함으로써 고령친화환경 조성을 통한 시사점을 제안한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 서울에 거주하는 베이비부머를 포함하는 노년기 세대를 대상으로 비례층화표집 방법을 활용하여 조사한 4,000명의 자료를 분석하였다. 주요 분석결과를 중심으로 논의를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연령집단의 연령대가 증가함에 따라 삶의 만족 수준은 낮아지는 반면, 노화불안의 수준은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 연령집단의 연령대가 높아질수록 삶의 만족과 노화불안에 대한 개인의 객관적 삶의 조건들의 설명 분산은 높아지는 경향성을 나타냈으며, 연령집단별 영향변수는 상이하게 나타남에 따라 노년기 연구에 있어서 생애과정 관점의 유용성을 보여주었다. 셋째, 인구사회학적 변수들을 통제한 상태에서 연령집단별 고령친화환경 요인들이 삶의 만족에 대한 설명분산이 높게 나타난 반면, 노화불안에 대한 설명분산은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 후기노인의 경우 장년층에 비해 설명분산이 높게 나타났다. 한편 연령집단별 삶의 만족과 노화불안에 영향을 미치는 고령친화환경 요인들은 연령집단별 공통적인 요인들이 존재하는 반면, 연령집단별 상이한 요인들도 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들에 따라 노년기를 보내는 개인의 삶의 만족을 제고하고 노화불안을 감소시키기 위한 정책설계 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.409-419
• /
• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting antibiotic prescription in dental outpatients. Methods: The present study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Service - National Sample Cohort. We analyzed prescriptions issued in the dental outpatient department in 2015, for adults over 19 years of age. Antibiotic prescription rates and mean prescription days were analyzed by sex, age, insurance type, presence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, season in treatment, type of dental institution, and location of dental institution. Multivariate logistic regression was also performed to analyze the factors affecting antibiotic prescription in dental outpatients. Results: A total of 257,038 prescriptions were analyzed. The mean prescription days of antibiotics in dental outpatients were $3.04{\pm}1.08days$, and the prescription rate was 93.0%. Two variables (presence of diabetes mellitus and insurance type) were excluded from the multivariate logistic regression analysis model because they did not significantly affect antibiotic prescription. The possibility of antibiotic prescription was higher in men ${\geq}61years$ of age and those with hypertension. Furthermore, antibiotics were most frequently prescribed in dental clinics rather than dental hospitals, and more frequently in Busan compared to other areas (p<0.001). Conclusions: Several factors were determined to affect antibiotic prescription, and detailed guidelines for consistent antibiotic prescription are needed.

• 한국노년학
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.1413-1425
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 서울 및 춘천지역 거주 중·고령자를 대상으로 부양책임감이 나이와 세대에 따라 어떻게 변화하고 있는지 분석하였다. 본 연구는 4차에 걸쳐 진행된 한림고령자패널 자료를 대상으로 램덤상수모델을 통해 세대 효과와 연령효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 실바흐(Sealbach)가 개발한 부양책임감 척도를 사용하였으며, 출생연도 1940년을 기준으로 이전 세대는 식민지·전쟁경험세대로, 이후세대는 산업화 민주화 세대로 구분하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 식민지·전쟁경험세대는 산업화·민주화 세대에 비해 부양책임감이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 연령효과를 살펴보면 일반적인 예상과는 달리 나이와 부양책임감 사이에는 통계적으로 유의미한 결과를 보이지 않는다. 서구의 연구는 노인부양의 어려움에 대한 인식이나 타인을 부양해야 한다는 의무감의 종료 등으로 인해 나아가 많은 노인일수록 부양책임감이 감소한다는 연구 결과를 제시하고 있는데, 이러한 측면이 우리나라에서는 적용되지 않는 것으로 보인다. 첫째와 둘째 결과에 비추어 볼 때 노인층이 장년층에 비해 부양책임감이 높은 것은 연령효과라기 보다는 세대효과일 가능성이 크다. 셋째, 남성이 여성에 비해, 서울이 춘천에 비해, 면지역 거주자가 동지역 거주자에 비해 부양책임감이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 주관적 건강 상태가 좋을수록, 학력 및 소득이 높을수록 부양책임감은 낮아지는 것으로 나타나고 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제63권12호
• /
• pp.491-498
• /
• 2020

Background: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts. Methods: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6-15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort. Results: No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (r=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (P<0.05) than that of the Chinese children. Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.158-170
• /
• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the association between health status and tooth loss based on data from the National Health Insurance Service-Health Examinee Cohort in 2002-2015. Methods: Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were applied to a longitudinal retrospective database, which was updated and newly released in 2018, to assess the association between health status and tooth loss while adjusting for potential confounders among sociodemographic and economic factors (sex, age, household income, insurance, and presence of disability), general and oral health status (body mass index [BMI], smoking and drinking status, periodic dental visits and scaling, and brushing before sleep), and comorbid disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus [DM], and Charlson comorbidity index [CCI]). Results: Among 514,866 participants from a South Korean population, 234,247 (45.5%) participants satisfying the inclusion criteria were analyzed. In the adjusted multivariate analysis, sex, age, household income, insurance, presence of disability, BMI, smoking and drinking status, periodic scaling, tooth brushing before sleep, DM, and CCI showed statistically significant associations with the loss of at least 1 tooth. The risk of experiencing a loss of ${\geq}4$ teeth was associated with an increase in age (in those 50-59 years of age: hazard ratio [HR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93-2.03; in those 60-69 years of age: HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 2.85-3.02; and in those 70-79 years of age: HR, 2.93; 95%, CI 2.81-3.05), smoking (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.65-1.73), and DM (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.38-1.48). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the risk of experiencing tooth loss was related to multiple determinants. DM and smoking were especially significantly associated with tooth loss.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.268-278
• /
• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to establish a control group based on the big data from National Health Insurance Service. We also presented presented the number of incidences for each cancer, and analyzed the cancer incidence rate among Korean workers. Methods: The cohort definition was separated by 'baseline cohort', 'dynamic cohort', and 'fixed- industry cohort' according to the definition. Cancer incidence was calculated based on the Korean Standard Classification of Disease code. Incidence rate was calculated among the group of all workers and public officials. Based on the study subjects and each cohort definition, the number of observations, incidences, and the incidence rate according to sex and age groups was calculated. The incidence rate was estimated based on the incidence per 100,000 person-year, and 95% confidence intervals calculated according to the Poisson distribution. Results: The result shows that the number of cancer cases in the all-worker group decreases after the age of 55, but the incidence rate tends to increase, which is attributed to the retirement of workers over 55 years old. Despite the specific characteristics of the workers, the trend and figures of cancer incidence revealed in this study are similar to those reported in previous studies of the overall South Korean population. When comparing the incidence rates of all workers and the control group of public officials, the incidence rate of public officials is generally observed to be higher in the age group under the age of 55. On the other hand, for workers aged 60 or older, the incidence rates were 1,065.4 per 100,000 person-year for all workers and 1,023.7 per 100,000 person-year for civil servants. Conclusions: This study analyzed through health insurance data including all workers in Korea, and analyzed the incidence of cancer of workers by sex and age. In addition, further in-depth researches are needed to determine the incidence of cancer by industry.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.274-283
• /
• 2023

Objective: To compare the outcomes of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) screening combined with ultrasound (US) with those of digital mammography (DM) combined with US in women with dense breasts. Materials and Methods: A retrospective database search identified consecutive asymptomatic women with dense breasts who underwent breast cancer screening with DBT or DM and whole-breast US simultaneously between June 2016 and July 2019. Women who underwent DBT + US (DBT cohort) and DM + US (DM cohort) were matched using 1:2 ratio according to mammographic density, age, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, and a family history of breast cancer. The cancer detection rate (CDR) per 1000 screening examinations, abnormal interpretation rate (AIR), sensitivity, and specificity were compared. Results: A total of 863 women in the DBT cohort were matched with 1726 women in the DM cohort (median age, 53 years; interquartile range, 40-78 years) and 26 breast cancers (9 in the DBT cohort and 17 in the DM cohort) were identified. The DBT and DM cohorts showed comparable CDR (10.4 [9 of 863; 95% confidence interval {CI}: 4.8-19.7] vs. 9.8 [17 of 1726; 95% CI: 5.7-15.7] per 1000 examinations, respectively; P = 0.889). DBT cohort showed a higher AIR than the DM cohort (31.6% [273 of 863; 95% CI: 28.5%-34.9%] vs. 22.4% [387 of 1726; 95% CI: 20.5%-24.5%]; P < 0.001). The sensitivity for both cohorts was 100%. In women with negative findings on DBT or DM, supplemental US yielded similar CDRs in both DBT and DM cohorts (4.0 vs. 3.3 per 1000 examinations, respectively; P = 0.803) and higher AIR in the DBT cohort (24.8% [188 of 758; 95% CI: 21.8%-28.0%] vs. 16.9% [257 of 1516; 95% CI: 15.1%-18.9%; P < 0.001). Conclusion: DBT screening combined with US showed comparable CDR but lower specificity than DM screening combined with US in women with dense breasts.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.146-156
• /
• 2006

Purpose: 1) to construct cohorts according to risk scores calculated with the Gail Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (Gail et al., 1989) (Gail) and the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal (Lee et al,. 2003) (Lee) 2) to identify the distribution of risk factors and preventive behavior stages between the cohorts 3) to identify abnormal breast conditions in risk cohort. Method: Using convenience sampling, 775 rural women were selected. Risk appraisal was scored using Gail and Lee. Preventive behavior stages for BSE (Breast self examination) and mammography were measured using 4 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983). Results: 1) The risk cohort according to Gail was 12.3% (n=95), and Lee, 3.1% (n=24). 2) There were significant differences in the distribution of risk factors (age, family history, age at 1st live birth, age at menarche, number of breast biopsy, history of breast disease, and breast-feeding) between cohorts. 3) There was a significant difference in the distribution of the stage of BSE according to Lee. 4) Six women in the risk group detected masses or nodules and physician consultation and ultrasonography were recommended. Conclusion: On the basis of the constructed cohorts, further longitudinal studies of cohorts are recommended with interventions according to characteristics of cohorts.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.390-399
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between pesticide use and mortality, and cancer mortality which are recognized as health hazards of pesticides. Data were analyzed from a cohort of 6,066 people aged fifty-five or over and who have been residing in the main island of Kangwha county. Death certificates, computerized citizenship registers searches, and household interview survey lead to get more than ninety-seven percents follow-up rate for the first five year observation period. Important findings are as follows : 1. Age specific mortality rates of pesticide users are significantly lower than those of pesticides nonusers. The SMR of male is 0.80, and 0.58 for females respectively probably due to healthy worker effects. But, age specific cancer mortality rates are significantly higher than those of pesticide nonusers (SMR=1.59) in males. This finding is not observed in females (SMR=0.85), however. 2. Logistic regression analyses showed that self-reported health status, drinking, and smoking histories in male are significantly associated with total mortality rate. The histories of pesticide use are also calculated to be highly associated with cancer mortality as in univariate analyses in males. In female, self-reported health status, age of first delivery are found to be significantly related to total mortality rate. Only drinking history is calculated to be associated with cancer mortalities in females. Data from further observation of 'Kangwha cohort' and indepth analyses of these are highly expected.