• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.174-184
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• 1998

Biosorption characteristics were investigated to discuss the use of agar entrapped Spirulina to remove of heavy metal ions from polluted waters. Agar immobilized algae were used as bioadsorbent in continuous reactor for heavy metal ions removal. The process solution contains Pb, Cu, and Cd as single ion and binary ions. In the adsorption of single heavy metal ions by agar immobilized Spirulina, the adsorption reached within 1hr and observed diffusion limitation differed from the free algal cell adsorption. The optimum pH for the adsorption of heavy metals was 4.5 but the influence of pH decreased less than that of free algal cell. Also, the adsorption characteristics of single heavy metal ions with agar immobilized Spirulina fitted the BET isotherm. Both of experiments of free algal cell and agar immobilized algae showed higher removal efficiency in the single ion solutions than binary ions solutions. The experimental results in the packed column with agar immobilized algae were over 90% of removal efficiency for the Pb, Cu, and Cd in single ion solutions.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.537-543
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• 2008

Crosslinked agar-g-poly(acrylic acid) (x-agar-g-PAA) super absorbent with a water absorbency ($Q_{H2O}$) of approximately 660 g/g was synthesized by the copolymerization of agar with an acrylic acid monomer. KPS and MBA were used as the initiator and crosslinker, respectively. Grafting was performed in air. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the product of copolymerization. The optimum conditions to synthesize the x-agar-g-PAA superabsorbent were 0.1 g of agar, 0.1 g of the KPS initiator, for 15 min; 50% AA monomer, 0.005 g of the MBA crosslinker, for a propagation time of 5 min; and 1 M NaOH for 15 min to allow for saponification. The reaction temperature was $80{^\circ}C$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.999-1006
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• 2004

The selective media including NPC agar, DHL agar, MacConkey agar, and Cetrimide desoxycholate agar were compared to determine selectivity for the growth of bacteria Cetrimide desoxycholate agar was better than NPC agar, DHL agar, and MacConkey agar for the growth of psychrotrophic grarn-negatve bacteria including Pseudomonas. and for the inhibition of gram positive bacteria The specificity of resazurin reduction time test was investigated to determine post-pasteurization contamination of market milk. Equal volume of Cetrimide desoxycholate broth was added to market milk, which was then incubated at $21^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours. The growth of bacteria in the incubated milk was detected in resazurin reduction time test. The results in resazurin reduction time test and total bacteria number count of market milk after storage at $7^{\circ}C$ were relatively correlated each other. Pseudomonas was isolated most frequently from the market milk stored at $7^{\circ}C$ for 10 days, and Acinetobacter and Aeromonas followed. Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were frequently isolated from the mixture of market milk and Cetrimide desoxycholate broth incubated at $21^{\circ}C$ for 18hours in resazurin reduction time test.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2017

Development of modern agricultural machinery and accompanying agricultural development cause soil compaction and reduce growth by stressing roots. Kalanchoe pinnata was used to investigate the impact of stress on rooting and changes in plant growth and reproduction. K. pinnata forms somatic embryos capable of asexual reproduction at the edge of leaves. Impact of root pressurization of K. pinnata on somatic embryogenesis and organ differentiation according to external stress factors was investigated by using a high concentration of agar and this phenomenon was studied histologically. Agar concentration in culture media ranged from 0.5%-1.5% to induce a compression effect on roots. The stem and leaf of K. pinnata were subjected to a microtechnique process to study changes in tissue. In vivo, K. pinnata produced 2nd and 3rd plantlets at edges of leaves from lack of water and excessive lighting conditions. In in vitro culture studies, the lower the concentration of agar, the higher the population and the higher the biomass, but plantlet did not occur in leaf bends. Conversely, as concentration of agar increased, increase in the number of individuals was low. Plantlet development occurred only in agar 1.5% medium. The difference in agar concentration was a stressor in the root of K. pinnata, and thus the pattern of asexual reproduction changed from the division method in root to a plantlet generation in leaf. This suggests root pressurization may act as stress and change in the plant reproduction pattern.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.290-295
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• 2009

Red-algae agar, consisting of D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose, is usable for bio-ethanol production if hydrolyzed to monomer unit. The objective of this study is to produce bio-ethanol from agar using the heat and acid-treatment. Bio-ethanol was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM1129 strains using agar-pretreatment. The optimal condition for reducing sugar conversion by agar was found to be 15 min reaction at a HCl concentration of 0.1 N and $120^{\circ}C$. The optimum concentration for maximum cell growth was 0.1 N NaCl (17.88 g/L). Over 0.1 N NaCl, the cell growth decreased to 6.78~10.76 g/L. At 16% agar concentration, the ethanol production obtained by optimum pretreatment was found to be 10.16 g/L.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2019

Previously, agar obtained from Gelidum sp. has a small molecular weight and has the disadvantage of inherent viscosity properties and poor functionality as a dietary fiber. In order to improve aforementioned disadvantages, agar having a fluidity that can be added to food at a higher concentration that a powder agar having a gelling property at low concertation was manufactured. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of agar hydrolysates was evaluated to confirm their potential as a functional material. As a result, agar hydrolysates significantly reduced NO levels secreted by LPS-activated macrophages and inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2, which are inflammatory mediators that regulates NO secretion in macrophages. Furthermore, in in vivo zebrafish embryos model results demonstrated significant reduction of LPS induced NO production after the treatment of agar hydrolysate hydrolyzed for 360 min. In addition, ROS production and cell death by stresses were also reduced in LPS-exposed embryos after the treatment of agar hydrolysis product hydrolyzed for 360 min. Taken together, agar hydrolysate hydrolyzed for 360 min can be easily added into food due to their fluidity and used as a food ingredient that inhibits inflammation due to their anti-inflammatory property.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.118-120
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• 2005

Most commonly occurring predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora showed great variation in size and shape of conidia on some media. The formation of larger conidia was recorded on beef extract and nutrient agar media. The length of conidia in Richard's YPSS, Sabouraud's, PDA and com meal agar media was of medium size while smaller conidia were produced on Czapek's, Jensen's, Martin's medium. Maximum width of conidia was recorded on YPSS medium followed by Sabouraud's medium. The average size of spores on nematode infested com meal agar medium was slightly increased than those on com meal agar medium.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2008

Agar-agar extracted from red algae was used as a surface sizing material for paper after filtering, bleaching, and viscosity adjustment by oxidative depolymerization. Oxidized starches from corn and tapioca were compared to agar-based surface size in the respects of paper surface modification, strength improvement, and printability. Agar-based surface size showed high strength improvement and good printability as much as starch-based ones except film forming ability, which may be improved by adding additives, and demonstrated its great potential to be used as inexpensive and high quality surface size in future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2005

We surveyed the distribution of Listeria spp in intestinal contents of slaughtered cattle from Daegu between March and October 2003. Fourteen Listeria spp were isolated from a total of 100 samples. Two samples contained only L innocua and other six samples contained both L monocytogenes and L innocua. Of the 99 samples positive to esculin reaction in Fraser broth, Listeria spp were isolated only from $8\%$ of the samples. Three selective plating medium were examined for detection of Listeria species including Enhanced hemolysis agar, Oxford agar and Palcam agar, It was found that Enhanced hemolysis agar was more effective than Oxford agar and Palcam agar, and that L monocytogenes needed 48 hour growth to give positive reaction.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2007

Cultivation of a biocontrol agent on a certain medium often results in reduced biocontrol efficacy and alters physiological state. In our previous study, Burkholderia gladioli strain B543 with long-term subculture on tryptic soy agar resulted in significantly reduced biocontrol ability against cucumber damping-off caused by P. ultimum. Therefore, we investigated the influence of laboratory culturing media on biocontrol activity and physiological state of Burkholderia gladioli strain B543 by using long-term repeated culture on a certain medium. When isolate B543 were successionally cultured on King's B agar (KBA), tryptic soy agar, nutrient agar (NA), or soil extract agar more than 20 times, the isolate cultured on KBA or NA showed a significantly enhanced biocontrol efficacy and higher population density in the rhizosphere of cucumber compared to that of the others. However, the isolates cultured on KBA more than 20 times showed the lowest production of protease, siderophore, or antifungal substance(s), measured by skim milk agar, Chrome-Azurol-S agar, and potato dextrose agar amended with 10% of the culture filtrate, respectively. Our results suggest that adaptation to proper culturing medium can alter biocontrol ability and physiological state, and we must consider laboratory media in optimizing the use of biocontrol agents.