• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.39
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• pp.485-499
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• 2015

Initially, the word 'usage' in the rule of Korean orthography was used to indicate the whole grammatical knowledge to separate between stems and inflectional affixes and nominals and case markers. Nowadays the word 'usage' in the rule of Korean orthograph is understood to indicate both 'usage' as the principles of the orthographic rule and 'grammar.' Even though 'usage' and 'grammar' can be understood as two different words, the discrepancy between them is not clear. In fact, if examining the rule of Korean orthography, it is not difficult to find that the principles of the orthography is written based on the grammar rules. Thus, the original principle is damaged because the rule of Korean orthography depends on the grammar rules too much. In addition, the rule of Korean orthography forces to change the grammar rules when describing them. Incorrect description of the grammar rules often causes the spelling mistakes. Therefore, it is necessary to divide two areas such as 'usage' and 'grammar' when dealing with 'the orthographic rules' and describing them.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.86-93
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• 2021

This paper aims to investigate a novel affix prevalently and productively used in social media, which is assumed to be borrowed from English into Korean loanblens. The novel affix is composed of a prefix-like and a suffix-like elements, but it seems to be distinguished from other regular combinations of a prefix and a suffix. In analyzing the affix, we attempt to highlight its peculiarities of the affix with empirical data. First, the seemingly borrowed affix does not behave like affixes found in the donor language (English) or the recipient language (Korean) from a linguistic point of view. Both languages have circumfixation rarely available in productive word-formation processes. Second, no regular assimilation rules of Korean apply to the affix boundary, which would otherwise be mandatory to such syllable contact contexts. Last but not least, the affix form has no correspondence to the donor language, and therefore it is claimed to be derived through secretion and taken as a case of pseudo-anglicisms.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.50
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• pp.313-346
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• 2018

It is noted that generally speaking, the expressing of actualization or non-actualization of events is not the main role of possibility for the utilization of expressions. In spite of this fact, it is possible to see many examples in which possibility expressions represent actual events, and impossibility expressions represent a type of non-actualization in relation to events. This effect can be described as a semantic extension, by which the participant-internal possibility is extended to actualization due to participant-internal factors, and the participant-external possibility is extended to the actualization due to participant-external factors. When the related possibility expressions are used in this extended sense, they express the dynamic evaluative meaning of 'desirability' of the realized event, while it is determined that when the impossibility expressions are used in this extended sense, they are seen to express the evaluative meaning of 'regretfulness' about the non-actualization of the event. In Modern Japanese, it is noted that there are a few expressions of ability and possibility. They can be largely divided into four types of expressions, according to their origins or uses of expression, which are 'ability verbs', affixes '-れる/られる(-reru/rareru)', '-できる(-dekiru)', and '-得る(-eru)'. They can all express participant-internal possibility and participant-external non-deontic possibility. While 'ability verbs', affixes '-れる/られる' and '-できる' can express participant-external deontic possibility, '-得る' cannot. However, '-得る' is the only possible element to designate the event of a epistemic possibility. Also, the four types of expressions have the usage of conveying 'actualization/non-actualization,' as is the case of the Korean language. However in Japanese, in fact adjectives cannot be associated with 'ability verbs' or 'ability affixes.' Thus the expressions of 'regrets' should in that case depend on the use contexts, unlike the expression 'adj+-지 못하다' as noted in Korean. The ability and possibility in Modern Chinese are mainly expressed by means of the four auxiliary verbs '能($n{\acute{e}}ng$)', '会(huì)', '可以(kěyǐ)' and '可能 ($k{\check{e}}n{\acute{e}}ng$)'. '能' and '会' along with '可以' can all convey participant-internal possibility. In this way '能' and '可以' can express participant-external possibility. Only '会' and '可能' can express epistemic possibility. As for 'actualization,' among the four auxiliary verbs, only '能' can represent actualization. Also, among the negatives of the four auxiliary verbs, only '沒能' can represent non-actualization.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.619-622
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• 2002

동사패턴은 원시 언어 분석을 위해 동사와 동사의 격성분 및 의미제약을 기술하고, 목적언어 생성을 위해 동사의 대역어 및 격성분들의 생성 위치정보를 기술한다. 이러한 동사패턴의 구축은 시간적, 경제적 부담이 큰 작업이며, 동사패턴 구축의 자동화 혹은 반자동화에 대한 요구는 크다. 본 논문에서는 서술성 명사와 결합하여 동사를 생성하는 접사들인 '-하-, -되-, -받-, -당하-, -드리-'에 대해, 이들 간의 상호 변환 규칙을 이용하여 수동으로 구축된 동사패턴으로부터 새로운 동사패턴을 자동으로 생성한다. 변환 규칙에서는 명사 어휘별 접사 분포 정보와 함께, 접사와 결합된 파생동사의 구문정보가 요구된다. 그러나, 기존의 사전에는 서술성 명사들의 '-하다, -되다' 분포 및 구문정보만이 기술되어 있고, '-받다, -당하다, -드리다'에 대해서는 기술되어 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 서술성 명사들의 접사 분포 정보 및 구문정보를 파악하고, 이들 간의 상호 변환 규칙을 도출하여 새로운 동사패턴을 생성화는 2단계 작업을 수행한다.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-76
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• 2022

This paper presents two experiments examining different gemination behavior of English affixes. Experiment 1 focused on geminates through affixation with im-, un-, -ness, and -ly. The English group articulated geminates with longer absolute and relative durations than singletons for im-, un-, and -ness, but there was no difference for -ly. This suggests that -ly words are more likely to be perceived as whole words, and that -ly is less decomposable. Furthermore, un- geminates exhibited longer absolute and preceding vowel durations than im- geminates, suggesting that im- is more decomposable than un-. However, the Korean group produced geminates with longer absolute and relative durations than singletons for all im-, un-, -ness, and -ly, and produced comparable absolute durations of im- and un- geminates. Experiment 2 investigated different gemination behaviors of locative and negative im- prefixes. The English group showed durational contrast between geminates and singletons only for negative im-, indicating that locative im- is not easily separated from stem. However, the Korean group produced longer absolute and relative durations for geminates than for singletons for both locative and negative im-. According to the findings of Experiments 1 and 2, affix decomposability is less likely to influence Korean speakers' English affix gemination, and spellings may have a greater influence.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.57-61
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• 2004

According to the research result of existing regarding the seabed organic sediment, contamination it flows from the land and the sea become the enemy in the coastal water. It was caused with the summer season water temperature rise and dispersing recall respect advancement. Phosphorus which is a main reason of red tide actual condition came to reveal vast quantity with the facts that it gushes. Specially, in the case of the coastal closing waters and the nursery, as the corpse and the fresh fish washing veterinarian was imbrued, it is the actual condition where is more deepened. Consequently the development of shallow layer dredging method of that suction power which is stabilized is demanded to be able to dredge only the sediment layer which has not become the pressure and is a main reason of being imbrued. The dredging methods using the pressure difference minimize the suction of the seabed sediment. This method is stable that suction power which occurs from guard difference of the guard and the guard of the dredging system inland water. That's why it is possible to sort dredging of the organic sediment ranging in upper layer sediment and it will be able to expect the minimization of dredging quantity. Increase of the expense that it followsin orthocenter with the fact will not grow. Because the pressure difference of the dredger inland water is occurred by the suction power. Maintenance administrative costs are reduced, because the one of smallest dredging system maneuvers and the barge which affixes an integrated operation system is mainly in a resting. To reduce a dredging hour, it will be able to solve in the condensed water as operating the jar guard post.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

Natural language processing is necessary in order to efficiently perform filtering tremendous information produced in information retrieval of world wide web. This paper suggested an algorithm for meaning of numerals in the text. The algorithm for meaning of numerals utilized context-free grammars with the chart parsing technique, interpreted affixes connected with the numerals and was designed to disambiguate their meanings systematically supported by the n-gram based words. And the algorithm was designed to use POS (part-of-speech) taggers, to automatically recognize restriction conditions of trigram words, and to gradually disambiguate the meaning of the numerals. This research performed experiment for the suggested system of the numeral interpretation. The result showed that the frequency-proportional method recognized the numerals with 86.3% accuracy and the condition-proportional method with 82.8% accuracy.